Fixed assets include ... Accounting, depreciation, write-off, coefficients of fixed assets

The main production assets represent a certain part of the property of the firm, which is repeatedly used for the production of products, performance of work or the provision of services. OS are also used in the management of the company. The duration of their use is more than 12 months. Let's consider further, what there are the basic means. Examples of OS will also be given in the article.

Kinds

Fixed assets include:

1. Buildings and buildings.
2. Power and working installations, equipment, machines.
3. Computer Engineering.
4. Regulating and measuring devices and devices.
5. Means of transport.
6. Tools, household accessories and inventory.

Fixed assets include perennial plantations, breeding and productive livestock and other funds.

Wear

Fixed assets include those objects that, during the period of their use, bring profit to the enterprise or serve to achieve the objectives of its activities. In the process of operating OS are exposed to wear. It can be moral or physical. The first involves the loss of the value of objects due to the development of scientific and technological progress and the increase in labor productivity. With active work or under the influence of natural factors, physical deterioration occurs.

Accounting

All that relates to the funds must be taken to the enterprise at the initial cost. It represents the aggregate of actual acquisition costs. As a single accounting for the OS is an inventory object, including all its accessories and devices or a structurally separate separate object. The enterprise has the right not more than once a year to conduct a revaluation of fixed assets at a replacement cost .

Depreciation

Repayment of the cost of the OS is carried out by transferring it to the execution of works, products or provision of services. When subtracting the depreciation amount from the initial price for the entire service life, the residual value is obtained . Today, calculations can be carried out in three ways:

1. Linear. In this case, the annual depreciation amount is determined based on the initial price and the rate calculated taking into account the useful life of the facility.
2. Decreased balance. In this case, the residual value at the beginning of the year and the depreciation rate calculated using the useful life of the item are used.
3. Write off the sum of the number of years in accordance with the original price and the annual ratio. The numerator contains the number of years that remained until the end of the period of operation. The denominator includes the sum of the number of years for the entire service life.

Restoring Objects

It can be carried out by simple and extended reproduction. The first is overhaul and replacement of the OS. Expanded reproduction is carried out in the form of new construction, modernization, technical re-equipment, reconstruction. With a simple recovery, the OS does not change its quantitative and qualitative characteristics. In the case of extended reproduction, fixed assets are filled with new content. Expenses for reconstruction and modernization may increase the initial price of the OS.

Withdrawal

It can occur in many ways:

1. Due to wear (physical / moral) or discontinuation of use according to purpose.
2. When you sell.
3. With no transfer.
4. As a result of liquidation in emergency cases.
5. When transferred to the authorized capital of other enterprises in the form of a contribution.

The cost of objects that are eliminated or not used permanently should be written off from the balance sheet.

Factors of fixed assets

To monitor the movement of the OS, certain indicators are used. Among them:

1. Coefficient of renewal. It is the value of objects newly entered by the enterprise during the given period, divided by the price of the OS, present in its availability.
2. Income ratio. It is calculated as the ratio of the cost of the received OS to the enterprise to the value of the funds at the end of the period.
3. Coefficient of retirement. It is the value of funds written off from the enterprise during the year, divided by the price of the OS, present at the beginning of the period.
4. Coefficient of increase. It is calculated as the sum of the increment of the OS, divided by the value of the funds by the beginning of the year.
5. Update rate. It is found by dividing the cost of retired OS during the period by the price of funds received.
6. Coefficient of liquidation. It is calculated as the ratio of eliminated funds during the year to the value of the OS at the beginning of the period.
7. Coefficient of replacement. It is equal to the value of the liquidated funds divided by the price of incoming new OS.

PBU

In accordance with the Accounting Rules, the fixed assets include assets, if they:

1. Applied for the production of products, the provision of services, performance of work or for management purposes.
2. Operate for longer than a year.
3. Will bring profit to the enterprise in the future.
4. Will not be implemented in the near future.

The fixed assets-the capital for measures for radical improvement of the land (irrigation, drainage and other land reclamation works), investments in perennial crops are included in the accounting in the amount of expenses related to the areas taken into operation, regardless of the completion of the whole complex of activities. If the object consists of several parts, the lifetime of which is different, you must take each of them separately. Owned land plots and natural resources also act as fixed assets (examples: a reservoir, minerals, etc.).

Postings for fixed assets

OCs are taken into account when constructing, acquiring, manufacturing, making contributions to founders, receiving donations and other receipts under the terms of the agreement. The value of funds is not subject to change, except for cases provided for in legislation and PBU 6/01. In the event that an enterprise decides to perform a re-evaluation of the OS, then it must be done annually. At the same time, the initial price of funds is increasing. Postings for fixed assets in such cases are as follows:

• Db cc. 01 Cd сч. 83;
• Db cc. 83 Cd. 02.

At a revaluation, thus, simultaneously with an increase in the initial price, the amount of depreciation charges increases. Following the markdown, respectively, the cost of OS decreases:

• Db cc. 83 Cd. 01.

Depreciation is also decreasing:

• Db cc. 02 Cd сч. 83.

In case of insufficient additional capital to cover the markdown, the difference exceeding the amount of past revaluations is subject to write-off at the expense of own income. It applies to sc. 84:

• Db cc. 84 Cd. Sc. 01;
• Db cc. 02 Cd сч. 84.

Thus, revaluation of the OS on account 01 will take into account the replacement value of funds. Reduction / increase in the initial price is included in the additional capital of the enterprise.

Free of charge receipt

In this case, fixed assets should be accounted for at their market value on the date of posting. Such a prescription is present in clause 3.4 of PBU 6/01. The costs of delivery of funds received gratuitously are accounted for as capital expenditures and are included by the receiving enterprise in increasing the initial price of the facilities. These expenses are reflected in the corresponding accounts of capital investments in correspondence with the articles on settlements. When the company purchases vehicles on a non-refundable basis, no tax is charged on them. Input of received objects is carried out in the usual way. The debit is debited. 01 and credited with invoices. 08. According to the legislation, the receiving enterprise must pay income tax (24%, excluding the TS). In this case, debits the invoice. 99 and credited with invoices. 68. In the course of accrual of depreciation, the profit of forthcoming periods should be included in non-operating income of part of the OS received free of charge.