Exchange differences. Accounting for exchange rate differences. Exchange rate differences: transactions

Legislation that exists in the Russian Federation today, within the framework of Federal Law No. 402 "On Accounting" of December 06, 2011, provides for the accounting of business transactions, liabilities and property strictly in rubles. Tax accounting, more precisely its maintenance, is also made in the specified currency. But some income is not made in rubles. Foreign currency, in accordance with the law, it is necessary to convert. Further in the article we will consider such concept as "exchange rate difference". What are these assets? In what cases do they appear and how are they reflected in the documentation?

general information

As part of the law, it is noted that cash transactions on the accounts of the organization are carried out in rubles with conversion at the rate set by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation on the day of the direct passage of the operation. Legislatively, there are situations where the recalculation is allowed at a different date than when the settlement was made. In cases of fluctuations (changes) in the exchange rate relative to the revaluation dates, a currency difference arises. It when the operation is reflected leads to the appearance of additional income or expense. Exchange rate difference arises when assessing the same asset (claims, liabilities) expressed in the currency of a foreign state at various times, excluding the situation at a constant exchange rate.

Accounting and tax balance

Accounting for exchange differences occurs both in tax and in accounting. However, their reflection in the documentation has some differences. Tax accounting provides for the presence of exchange rate and sum differences. Accounting documents reflect only one kind. In them only exchange rate differences are presented. At the same time, the basic essence of the concept is also different for the accounting and tax balance. Accordingly, and the calculation for each of the species applies its own. Not the last factor affecting the occurrence of exchange rate differences in tax accounting is the option of calculating the tax base. The taxpayer, according to the current legislation, has the right to apply the cash method or accrual method.

Accounting

Foreign exchange differences arise as a result of an operation involving a creditor or a receivable in foreign currency. In such cases, a certain condition must be met. The exchange rate of a monetary unit on the settlement date differs from that at the time of the commitment to accounting reflection in the reporting period or from the indicator for the reporting date on which the last recalculation takes place.

It also occurs in other cases. For example, for conversion operations:

• The value of monetary units in the cash desk of the organization;
• Assets in bank accounts;
• Cash, payment documents;
• valuable papers.

How are foreign exchange differences reflected?

Assets are posted in accordance with certain requirements. It should be noted that the reflection in the documentation has its own specifics. Thus, accounting for exchange differences in accounting transactions is recorded separately from other types of expenses and revenues. At the same time, except for the cases of settlements on contributions to the authorized capital, the assets under consideration are subject to mandatory enrollment in the financial and economic result of the company's activities. Then the display in accounting documents is fixed in the form of income (in case of growth rate) or consumption (in case of its fall).

Deposits of founders in the authorized capital

These revenues can be realized not only in rubles. In cases where, in accordance with the statutory documents, the contribution of founders to the authorized capital is made in foreign currency, this is reflected in the accounting documentation on account 80 ("Authorized capital"). How are these exchange rate gains fixed? Postings are made in rubles at the rate that the Central Bank will set at the time of registration of the legal entity. If there are situations in which there is a repayment of debts by the owners, or when recalculating the already arisen foreign currency debt at the reporting date, additional assets appear. They are accounted for in the 83rd account ("Additional capital"). There are also possible situations in which the translation at the reporting date reveals a negative exchange rate difference. In this case, debit entries are used, aimed at reducing the authorized capital. At the same time, the debit balance is inadmissible. Therefore, the founders of the organization are recommended to establish a fixed rate in the reporting period. Its recalculation should be made once or twice during the reporting period. However, if the exchange differences nevertheless arose in the course of the organization's activity, it is recommended to reflect them on the following debit accounts: 91 ("Other income and expenses") or 84 ("Retained income or uncovered loss"). To prevent such situations, the organization is recommended to introduce a procedure for the procedure for the occurrence of negative exchange rate differences that arise in its Charter Capital.

Reporting

Accounting includes exchange rate differences in other income or expenses. When summarizing data on types of business transactions, liabilities and property, the value of which is expressed in terms of foreign currency, there must be a separate mapping of the assets under consideration. In this case, the income or expense associated with conducting currency purchase and sale transactions is not subject to accounting in the total amount of exchange differences. There is a certain order in accordance with which the regulation of assets is carried out. In particular:

1. Foreign exchange differences resulting from the translation of debt in foreign units are subject to disclosure. In this case, it is obligatory to observe the conditions of its payment in the money of the recount.
2. Assets formed as a result of the translation of debt in foreign currency. In this case, his payment must be in rubles.
3. Exchange differences, made through the balance of the organization. But the assets did not go through those accounts, which take into account the financial result of the enterprise.
4. The rate established by the participants of the agreement at the reporting date (in some cases it may be the official exchange rate of the ruble against the ruble, which the Central Bank establishes at the reporting moment).

However, assets that arise as a result of the recalculation of debt in foreign currency need not be separately reflected in the final report containing the data on profits and losses. Profit-forming exchange rate differences (with the exception of those reflected in the account of additional capital) pass through 090 line (Form No. 2) and are included in other income. The forming part of the expenditure (with the exception of those reflected in the account of additional capital) pass through line 100 (form No. 2) and are included in other expenses.

Tax documentation

Exchange rate difference in the context of the organization's activities can bring income or expense. Unlike the accounting documentation, the purpose of which is to determine the financial result from the activity of a specific enterprise, the main task of the tax reporting is to determine the basis on which the tax is paid to the budget. Exchange rate differences in this case are considered from the point of view of increasing or decreasing this base. Assets that increase the income of the organization in the tax documentation are called positive. According to the current Tax Code of the Russian Federation, such receipts must be included in the composition of non-operating income. Exchange rate differences that increase the organization's expenses are called negative in the tax accounting. According to the current Tax Code, which is adopted and operates in the Russian Federation, such assets must be included in non-operating expenses.

Practical activities of the organization

Under the exchange rate difference is understood any kind of revaluation of obligations, claims, property held in foreign currency. Accordingly, payment for them should also be made in the same monetary units. In cases where payment for the revaluation of obligations, claims, property is made in rubles, the difference arising from the fluctuation of the exchange rate is called the sum. At the same time, a taxpayer working on a cash basis method does not encounter such assets at all. Exchange rate differences with this approach arise at the time of revaluation of the organization's values expressed in currency, or with a direct revaluation of monetary units that are in the cashier's office.

Reflection in tax reporting

Tax documentation takes into account the occurrence of exchange transactions not only for the last number in the reporting period. This happens at every moment when they appear. Accounting of sum receipts, unlike coursework, is carried out only with direct repayment of debts. In this case, the assets do not have any influence on the size of the tax base. This is due to the fact that they are not calculated at the balance sheet date as per the documentation. These conditions within the current tax legislation are effective only for taxpayers, the basis for the work of which is the accrual method to reflect their tax base. Provided that an enterprise or entrepreneur uses the cash method in his work, there are no total assets in the process of activity at all. The appearance of exchange rate differences is also due to the revaluation of currency values expressed in the balances of monetary units that are in the accounts or in the cash department of the company.

Reflection in the Declaration

Positive sum (difference) differences in the tax documentation are reflected in line 100 of Appendix No. 1, sheet 02 of the Declaration, in the structure of non-operating income. Accordingly, negative assets fall to non-operating expenses. They pass on line 200 from Appendix No. 2 to 02 of the Declaration.

Investing in the authorized capital in the tax documentation

Within the framework of the current tax legislation, it is permitted to take into account the funds of the organization that came from the owners and are aimed at increasing the authorized capital when determining the tax base used to calculate the profit payments. In addition, it is not considered a profit that has arisen from the taxpayer, getting them the rights to the property acquired in exchange for their shares (stakes) transferred to the disposal of the enterprise. In this regard, exchange differences, aimed at changing the authorized capital, are not grounds for charging them with profit tax.

Differences in the financial result and tax base

The result of different definition of the moments of occurrence of the considered exchange and total assets in the accounting and tax documentation is the non-coincidence of the final financial result of the organization with its tax base used for calculating the profit tax. However, this discrepancy is not critical, because, in its essence, this is a non-permanent phenomenon and it falls into the category of temporarily taxable (deductible) differences. The educated assets will be taken into account in the future, when compiling accounting documents when calculating the corporate income tax.

conclusions

Activities to reflect in the accounting records of the generated assets are made in accordance with the procedure established by law. Exchange rate differences for all types of liabilities, the cost of which is set in foreign currency, but payable in rubles, are formed as a result of recalculation as of the date of the repayment of obligations or on the last day in the reporting period. This is one of the differences from tax accounting. As it was said above, it provides for the calculation of the arising assets only at the time of repayment of obligations. At the same time, exchange differences that arose in the accounting for reporting dates, are not grounds for calculating the profit tax.