EducationSecondary education and schools

Culture, history, traditions and population of Slovakia. Population of Slovakia: number, characteristics and employment

Slovakia is a power that is located in the center of Europe. The capital of Slovakia is Bratislava. The population of the capital is about 470 thousand people. The country is not washed by the seas, and its neighbors are Poland, Hungary, Ukraine, the Czech Republic, Austria. The territory of the state is 49 000 km 2 , and the length of the borders is 1,524 km.

A Brief History of the State

The history of Slovakia (the population was already inhabiting these lands at that time) began in the era of the Early Paleolithic, it is characterized by almost constant wars. In the VI century AD. E. These lands were conquered by the Roman legions, but after the fall of the empire Goths and German communities came to their place. And only closer to the beginning of the IX century the country was inhabited by Slavic tribes that formed the principality of Nitra and joined Hungary.

In the XI-XIV centuries, Slovakia was part of the Kingdom of Hungary. In 1526, when the Ottoman Empire was overthrown by the Hungarian kingdom, Slovakia joined the Roman Empire. Until 1918, was part of Austria-Hungary. And only in 1938 Slovakia became an independent republic, but was under the control of Germany. Communists came to power after the Second World War. In 1998, the Communist Party was overthrown.

Independent Slovakia

The Slovak National Council in July 1992 adopted a Declaration on the sovereignty of the Slovak Republic. On September 1, 1992, the first Constitution was adopted. The Federal Czechoslovak State ceased to exist on December 31, 1992.

Mikhail Kovach is the first president of Slovakia. He began his reign in February 1993. On March 29, 2004, Slovakia joined NATO. On May 1, 2004, the country became part of the European Union. December 21, 2007 joined the Schengen area, and on January 1, 2009 - to the euro area.

The head of the country is the president, who holds his high office for 5 years. The population of Slovakia elects the president through voting. The leader of the party or coalition is the Prime Minister. According to the recommendations of the Prime Minister, the main part of the cabinet of ministers with the term of government of 4 years is chosen. The president has the right to dissolve the council after a three-time disapproval of the government's policy statement.

Geography of Slovakia, nature, climate

The population of this country owns vast natural resources. Most of the country's territory is occupied by mountain peaks. In the north and north-east, the Western Carpathians are located, and on the border with Poland are the High and Low Tatras. Gerlachovski-Shtit is the highest point of the country (2,655 meters).

In the south-west of the country, the Danube River flows. In this river, fall into other, shallow mountain streams. In the east, the Carpathian rivers flow, which belong to the Tisza basin: Toris, Laborot, Ondava. The largest rivers from the tributaries of the Danube are the Gron, Vah, Nitra.

The climate of the country is moderately continental. If the winter in Slovakia is dry and cold, then it is warm and humid in summer. In the capital of the state in January, the temperature approximately shows -1 degree, and in July + 21 - +24 degrees. In the mountains, winter and summer are colder.

Forty percent of the country's forests are occupied. If the southern slopes of the mountains are covered with mixed and broad-leaved forests, then coniferous forests grow on the northern slopes. The most common trees in Slovakia are: beech (about 31% of forests), spruce (29%), oaks (10%), fir (9%).

In the mountains there are alpine meadows. In the forests there are a lot of different animals: deer, bears, lynxes, weasels, squirrels, foxes. It is a country with unusually clean air, healing springs and ice caves.

Religion and official languages

The Slovak language is the state language of the people of Slovakia (it is native to 78.6% of the inhabitants). He belongs to the group of Slavic languages, very similar to Russian and Ukrainian. Most of the population of Slovakia speaks not only in the official language, but also in Czech, German, Hungarian (about 9.4%), Roma (2.3%) and English.

A considerable part of the population are believers. The state recognizes freedom of religion. Given the total population of Slovakia, 60% of believers are Catholics, 0.7% are Orthodox, and the rest are communities of other religions. Approximately 10% of the inhabitants refer themselves to atheists. There are 13 churches, 28 male and female orders on the territory of the state, as well as a religious society of Jews.

Traditions and customs of the state

Despite the fact that the Slovak people for more than nine centuries was under the control of Hungary, the people of the country have not forgotten their culture, customs and mother tongue. This is a great pride of the nation. Today, residents of the state do not like it when their native language is called phonetically similar to other European or Slavic languages.

All holidays and customs, one way or another, are connected with nature. It was with her for a long time that the people of Slovakia, who had previously lived primarily in the villages, engaged in agriculture and, in general, led a quiet life, were one. Ancient traditions today remember and honor, referring to the past with respect and special trepidation. Slovakia sincerely believes that without the past there can be no future.

Practically every village has its own unique customs. Most of the population celebrates the following holidays:

  • The festival of the Three Kings is celebrated at the end of the Christmas week (Christmas carols);
  • Feast of Morena, which symbolizes the end of winter (like the Russian Maslenitsa);
  • The feast of Lucius falls in December (according to a long tradition, during the celebration of the girl, they are wondering at the future bridegroom);
  • "May tree" - this tradition has been preserved since ancient times (according to legend, it is necessary to plant a tree in front of the window of a beloved girl).

Population size and ethnic composition

The Slovak population is 86% Slovak. Another 10% are Hungarians, and 4% are Roma, Poles, Germans, Ukrainians and representatives of other nationalities. At the end of 2016, the population was 5.5 million people (for a year the number of citizens increased by three thousand). The average density is 110 people. On 1 km 2 . In general, the demography of Slovakia for 2016 is represented by such indicators:

  • 56,998 people were born;
  • 53 361 people died;
  • The birth rate exceeds the death rate by 3,637 people;
  • 217 people. Made a migration increase;
  • In Slovakia, 2 641 551 men and 2 790 714 women.

Slovakia, whose total population in December 2017, according to analysts' forecasts, will be 5,436,122 people, will increase by 3,857 people. Excess of births over deaths will be 3,640. About 57 thousand people will be born for the whole year (about 156 children per day). The natural increase is positive, the number of citizens increases, albeit at a very slow pace.

Migration growth will be an average of 1 person a day. This means that a significant influx of migrants who will take the jobs of Slovak citizens is not expected.

Economic peculiarities of the state

For a long time the state was part of various states. Demographics, the economy, the population of Slovakia were for a long time part of something larger (Czechoslovakia or Austria-Hungary). And only at the dawn of an independent state began to develop economies.

The basis of the economy today is engineering and industry. More than 50% of the products are produced for export. Since the country's economy was built on openness and transparency, Slovakia acquired enterprises of many of the world's industrial giants. The plants of Korean manufacturer KIA motor, German - Volkswagen and concern of French Peugeot were created in the territory of the country. Approximately half a million cars are produced per year. On the production of cars, Slovakia is at one of the first places in the world.

The country itself Slovakia (geography, population, language) is so colorful and colorful that it can not but attract tourists. Mountains, lakes, rivers and forests are the main attractions. Therefore tourism is not the last place in the economy of the state. Every year, two million tourists visit the country.

In recent years, the employment of the Slovak population has grown significantly. A good breakthrough is also observed in the labor market. In 2017, the unemployment rate in the country decreased to a coefficient of 9%. Grew by 3% and the level of wages of the population.

Literacy of citizens of the state

The population of Slovakia is literate. According to analysts, about 4.6 million people over the age of fifteen can write and read (99.62%). Approximately 17 441 people remain illiterate.

The male literacy rate is 99.59%, where 8,929 people remain illiterate. The literacy rate among women is 99.64%, where 8 512 women do not know how to write and read. A similar figure among young people (from 15 to 24 years) is 99.37%: for boys and 99.53% for girls, respectively.

Education system

Education of citizens of the country can be divided into the following stages: primary education (from 6-7 to 14-15 years), secondary (from 14-15 to 18-20 years) and higher. Higher educational institutions are divided into public, private and public. The University of Comenius in Bratislava, the University of Economics in Bratislava and the Technical University in Kosice are considered the best universities in the country.

The Ministry of Education is responsible for the sphere of education in the state. Its members are appointed by the President of Slovakia himself. Since March 23, 2016, Petr Plavchan was appointed Minister of Education.

Culture of the country

The people are very proud of their distinctive and vibrant culture. Each region of the country is distinguished by folk costumes and unique customs. The national culture of the country is known throughout the world for dances, songs and music. It is Slovakia, the description of the country, the population - the main themes of folklore. Almost every summer residents organize folklore festivals.

In the state, 12 state scientific libraries have been built today, 473 such institutions are connected with universities, and there are still 2,600 public libraries. The University Library in Bratislava was founded in 1919, it contains about 2 million documents and is considered the most important library in the country. In the city of Martin in 1863 was built the Slovak National Library, which contains unique materials related to the culture of this country.

About 50 museums were built in the state. In 1893, the Slovak National Museum was created in Bratislava, in which exhibits from archeology, musicology, and Slovak history are kept. This is the most famous museum of the country.

Folk art and music

Folk art, especially in rural areas, includes: woodcarving, painting, weaving, wooden construction. Folk art developed over the centuries, as evidenced by archaeological excavations. Traditions of folk crafts are not forgotten and for today, as they have always been passed down from generation to generation. They are supported by a gallery of publishers of folk art ULUV. Since 1945, all the expositions of the gallery are exhibited in 28 countries.

Since the XIX century, music is not the last place in the culture of the people. Modern music of Slovakia is written on the basis of folk and classical styles. Known works of the XX century can be called the opera by Jan Kicker and the composition of A. Moises. Traditional music of Slovakia is one of the most unusual and original in Europe. You can list such famous orchestras in Slovakia as the Radio Symphony Orchestra in Bratislava, the Slovak Chamber Orchestra, the Philharmonic Orchestra in Kosice and Bratislava.

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