Creativity and biography of Osip Mandelstam

Among the many amazing stories of great compatriots, the biography of Osip Mandelstam, though not very special, is still remembered due to his tragedy. During his short life he witnessed two revolutions, which affected not only his outlook, but also his poems. In addition to them, Osip Mandelstam's work includes prose, numerous essays, essays, translations and literary criticism.

Childhood

Osip Emilievich Mandelshtam, a Jew by birth, was born in January 1891 in the capital of Poland, which in those days was assigned to Russia. Almost immediately after the birth of his son, the family moved to St. Petersburg. Emiliy Veniaminovich, the father of the boy, earned a living as a glove-maker, and as a merchant he was in the first guild, thanks to which he occupied a good position in the society. And her mother, Flora Verblovskaya, was engaged in music, and the younger Mandelstam inherited it from her. Osip Emilevich in the period from 1900 to 1907 studied in the prestigious Tenishevsky school, the education in which once received Nabokov. After graduation, parents send their son to Paris, and later - to Germany (thanks to financial security). At the Sorbonne he attends a lot of lectures, gets acquainted with French poetry and meets his future friend Nikolai Gumilev.

Homecoming

Unfortunately, the Mandelstam family is ruined by 1911, and Osip returns to St. Petersburg. In the same year, he enlisted in the St. Petersburg University for the History and Philology Department, but he never succeeds in completing his studies due to frivolity, and in 1917 he was expelled. During this period, his political sympathies were given to the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries and Social Democrats. He also actively preaches Marxism. Creativity Osip Mandelstam formed in the French period of life, and the first poem saw the light in 1910 in the journal Apollo.

"The shop of poets"

So it is accepted that poets always need like-minded people and belong to a certain current. The group "Poets' Workshop" consisted of such well-known personalities as Gumilev, Akhmatova, Sergey Gorodetsky, and, of course, the meeting often visited Mandelstam. Osip Emilievich in his early years gravitated toward symbolism, but later became a follower of acmeism, as did his closest friends from the club. The grain of this flow is clear, distinct images and realism. Thus, in 1913 the first collection of Mandelstam's poems called "Stone" absorbed the spirit of acmeism. In those same years he performed publicly, visited the "Stray Dog", and also got acquainted with Blok, Tsvetaeva and Livshits.

Years of wanderings

Biography of Osip Mandelstam in this period is very stormy. When the First World War begins, because of health problems, the poet does not get to the front. But the revolution of 1917 was very clearly reflected in his lyrics. His worldview and political views are changing again, now in favor of the Bolsheviks. He writes many poems directed against the tsar and the army. During this period, he is gaining increasing fame and success, actively travels around the country and is published in a variety of publications. Unknown reasons prompt him to move to Kiev, where at that moment lived the future wife of Osip Mandelstam, Nadezhda Khazina. Before the marriage, concluded in 1922, he managed to live some time in the Crimea, where he was arrested on suspicion of Bolshevik intelligence. A year after his release, fate sends him to Georgia. However, even there the poet is waiting for an unpleasant surprise. He is again imprisoned, but thanks to the efforts of his local colleagues, he is able to quickly free himself.

Life and work in Soviet Russia

Immediately after serving his sentence in Georgia, the biography of Osip Mandelstam again brings him back to his native Petrograd. His attitude to the revolution is reflected in the next collection of poems called Tristia, which is published in 1922 in Berlin. At the same time, he links himself with sacred bonds with Nadezhda Yakovlevna. In the works of that time, sweet tragedy reigns, accompanied by longing for parting with values, people and places. After this, the poet Osip Mandelshtam goes into a deep and protracted poetic crisis, at first delighting admirers with only rare verses in which he expresses his regret at the loss of the old culture. And in the five-year period (from 1925 to 1930) and does nothing at all, in addition to prose. In order to somehow live in harsh conditions, he translates. The third and last collection with a simple title "Poems" is published in 1928. In this he is very much helped by Bukharin, who occupies far from the last place in the Kremlin. However, the supporters of Stalin, actively gaining strength, are looking for any reasons to substitute the poet.

last years of life

Biography of Osip Mandelstam in the 30 years brings it with his wife to the Caucasus, which also did not do without the help and trouble of Bukharin. This, rather, is an excuse to hide from persecution, rather than rest. Trips help Osip Emilievich to return interest to poetry, resulting in a collection of essays "A Trip to Armenia", which, however, were rejected by ideology. Three years later, the poet returns home. His views again undergo changes, and disappointment in the previously revered communism completely obscures his mind. From under his pen comes scandalous epigram "The Kremlin Highlander", which he reads to the curious public. Among these people is an informer who is in a hurry to report to Stalin. In 1934, Osip is waiting for another arrest and a link to the Perm region, where he is accompanied by a faithful wife. There he tries to commit suicide, but the attempt turns out to be a failure. After that, the spouses are sent to Voronezh. It was there that the best and last poems with the signature "Osip Mandelstam" were written, whose biography and creativity breaks off in 1938.

Death

In 1937, the poet and his wife returned to Moscow. However, a year later he was again arrested in Samiha. He is sentenced to five years in correctional camps. Unfortunately, he falls ill with typhoid, working somewhere near Vladivostok, as a result of which he dies. Most of his poems have survived to the present day thanks to the efforts of his wife. During travels and links she hid her husband's works or memorized by heart. Buried Mandelstam in the mass grave.