Basic rules of the Latin language. Declination in Latin

Latin is an inflectional language (that is, it has a wide range of affixes) that belongs to the Italian group. Its peculiarity is the free order of words when constructing a sentence. Nouns are declined in numbers and cases, pronouns and adjectives (including participles) change in number, case and gender; Verbs bend over faces, number, times, pledge and inclination. Thus, declension in Latin is a category often used. Verbal inflexions (endings and suffixes) of Latin are among the most diverse among the Indo-European languages. Latin is considered a classic in linguistics.

A Brief History of the Latin Language

In Latin, originally spoken in Lazio, Italy. Thanks to the power of the Roman Republic, the Latin language became dominant first in Italy, and then throughout the Roman Empire. Latin was reborn in Romanic languages, such as Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, French and Romanian. Latin, Italian and French have brought many words to English. Latin and ancient Greek roots and terms are used in theology, biology and medicine. By the end of the Roman Republic (75 BC) the Old Latin language had grown into a classical language. Vulgar Latin was a colloquial form. It is attested in the inscriptions and works of Roman playwrights, such as Plautus and Terence.

Later Latin script was created and formed around the third century AD. Medieval Latin was used from the IX century until the Renaissance. Further, with the advent of modern Latin, it began to evolve. Latin was the language of international communication, science, theology. Latin was the language of science until the 18th century, when it began to supplant other European languages. Church Latin remains the official language of the Holy See and the Latin rite of the entire Catholic Church.

The influence of Latin on other languages

Latin in its colloquial kind, which is called vulgar Latin (in the sense of "folk"), has become the main language for other national European languages that have merged into one language branch called the Romanesque. Given the similarity of the origin of these languages, there are at present significant differences between them, formed as Latin developed on conquered lands for a number of centuries. Latin as a language-prasnova strongly modified under the influence of local indigenous languages and dialects.

A brief description of the grammar of Latin

Latin - a synthetic, inflectional language in the terminology of language classification. That is, the language in which word formation dominates with the help of inflexions. Flexions are types of changes in the roots of a word or endings. Latin words include a lexical semantic element and endings indicating the grammatical use of the word. The merging of the root, which carries the meaning of the word, and the ending, creates very compact elements of the sentence: for example, amō, "I love," is made from a semantic element, am- "to love," and ending -ō, indicating that this is the verb of the first person singular , And is a suffix.

The declension of nouns in Latin

The usual Latin noun belongs to one of the five major groups of declensions, that is, having the same form of ending. The declension of the Latin noun is determined by the genitive case of the singular. That is, it is necessary to know the genitive case of a noun. Also, each case has its endings. Latin noun declension includes the following.

• The first includes feminine nouns, as well as masculine, which refer to the occupation of a person or nationality. 1 the declension of the Latin language is determined in the genitive singular by the ending -ae. For example: persa - Persian; Agricŏla - the peasant. In general, the first declension has a case ending -a.
• 2 the declension in Latin mainly ends with the letter - o. It is defined in the genitive singular by the ending -i. The second declension includes masculine nouns -us, -er, middle-to -um and a small group of feminine tokens ending in -us.
• 3 declination in Latin is a fairly versatile group of nouns. They can be divided into three main categories.
  1. Consonant.
  2. The vowel.
  3. Mixed. It is recommended that the learners carefully master the first three categories.
• The fourth declension, which mainly ends with the letter -y in the cases of the noun. It is determined by the genitive case of the singular with the ending -ūs.
• The fifth declension in Latin predominantly ends in the letter -e in cases. It is defined by the genitive case of the singular with the ending -ei. This is a small group of nouns.

Thus, declensions in the Latin language are quite diverse, because, as mentioned above, Latin is an expressively inflected language. The declension of adjectives in Latin is practically the same as nouns. In fact, in many respects it is similar to the Russian language, where their declensions also coincide. The most numerous group of words in Latin are the nouns of 1 declension. Latin also includes a number of words that are not inclined.

The case of the Latin noun

Classical Latin has seven cases of the noun. The declension of adjectives in Latin coincides with the declension of nouns. Consider all seven cases:

• The nominative case is used if the noun is a subject or predicate. For example, the word amor is love, puella is a girl. That is the initial form of the noun.
• The genitive case expresses the noun's belonging to another subject.
• The dative case is used if the noun is an indirect complement of the sentence by means of special verbs, with some prepositions.
• The accusative case is used if the noun is a direct subject of the subject and with a preposition showing the place of direction.
• The ablative is used if the noun demonstrates separation or movement from a source, cause, instrument, or when a noun is used as an object with certain prepositions.
• The vocative is used when the noun expresses an appeal to the subject. The noun form of the noun coincides with the nominative, except for the second declension of the noun, ending in -us.
• The local case is used to indicate the location (corresponds to the Russian preposition in or on ). This case is used only in this context.

The endings (Latin) of declension we have examined briefly above. For example, for 1 decline, they will be as follows: -a, -ae, -ae, -am, -a, -a.

The declension of nouns in Latin is manifested in case endings.

Latin verb: category of conjugation

The usual verb in Latin refers to one of the four main conjugations. Conjugation is a class of verbs with the same endings. The conjugation is determined by the last root of the verb of the present tense. The root in the present tense can be found by omitting the infinitive ending -re (-ri l for the verb tenses). The infinitive of the first conjugation ends in -ā-re or -ā-ri (active and passive voice), for example: amāre - "love," hortārī - "exhort", second conjugation - in -ē-re or -ē-rī : Monēre - "warn", verērī, - "intimidate", the third conjugation - at -ere, -ī: dūcere - "to lead", ūtī - "to use"; In the fourth -ī-re, -ī-rī: audīre - "hear", experīrī - "try." Thus, the Latin verb conjugates on the faces, depending on the affiliation with the conjugation.

The Latin verb tenses

In Latin there are 6 specific grammatical times (tempus), which are only partly available in the Russian language. These are the following species-time forms:

• Present time.
• Imperfect.
• The past perfect time.
• Pre-past (long-past) time.
• The future is the perfect time.
• The future is an imperfect time.

Each time has its own formula and rules of education. Also, the Latin verb has the category of inclination and voice.

Vocabulary of Latin

Since Latin is the Italian language, most of its vocabulary is also Italic, that is, an ancient Proto-Indo-Jewish origin. However, due to close cultural interaction, the Romans not only adapted the Etruscan alphabet into Latin, but also borrowed some Etruscan words. Latin also includes vocabulary borrowed from scaffolds, another ancient Italian people. Of course, the largest category of borrowing is from Greek.

Romance Languages

Romance languages are a group of languages, as well as dialects belonging to the Italian subgroup of Indo-European and having one common progenitor-Latin. Their name - Romanesque - goes back to the Latin term Romanus (Roman).

The section of linguistics, studying the Romance languages, their origin, development, typology, is called novelism. The people who talk to them are called roman-speaking. Thus, the dead language continues to exist in them. The number of speakers of Romance languages at the moment is about 800 million worldwide. The most common in the group is Spanish, followed by Portuguese and French. In total there are more than 50 Romance languages.