An atom is an indivisible part of a substance

The atom is the minimal integral particle of matter. In its center is a nucleus, near which, like planets around the Sun, electrons rotate. Strangely enough, but this smallest particle was discovered and formulated the concept of it yet Ancient Greek and ancient Indian scientists, who have neither the proper equipment, nor the theoretical base. Their calculations for many centuries existed as hypotheses, and it was only in the 17th century that chemists could experimentally prove the validity of ancient theories. But science is rapidly moving forward, and at the beginning of the last century physicists discovered subatomic constituents and particle structures. At that time, such a definition of the atom as "indivisible" was refuted. Nevertheless, the concept has already entered into scientific use and has survived.

Ancient scientists believed that an atom is an extremely small piece of any matter. The physical properties of the substance depend on their shape, massiveness, color and other parameters . For example, Democritus believed that the atoms of the fire are extremely sharp, because it burns, particles of solids have rough surfaces that are tightly attached to each other, the water atoms are smooth and slippery, since they give the fluid fluidity. Even Democritus considered the human soul to be composed of temporarily connected atoms, which decay when an individual dies.

A more modern structure was proposed in the early 20th century by the Japanese physicist Nagaoka. He presented the theoretical development, which consists in the fact that the atom is a planetary system on a microscopic scale, and its structure is analogous to the Saturnian system. This structure turned out to be erroneous. The model of the Bohr-Rutherford atom was closer to reality, but it failed to explain all the physical and electrical properties of corpuscles. Only the assumption that an atom is a structure that includes not only corpuscular properties but also quantum properties has been able to explain the largest number of observed realities.

Corpuscles can be in a bound state, and can - in a free state. For example, an oxygen atom, in order to make up a molecule, connects with itself to another like particle. After an electrical discharge, for example, a thunderstorm, it merges into More complex structure - azine, which consists of triatomic molecules. Accordingly, certain physico-chemical conditions are necessary for certain types of compounds of atoms. But there are also stronger bonds between the particles of the molecule. For example, a nitrogen atom is linked to another triple bond, and as a result the molecule is extremely strong and almost unaffected by changes.

If the number of protons (elementary particles of the nucleus) is similar to the number of electrons rotating in orbits, then the atom is electrically neutral. If there is no identity, then the particle has a negative or positive discharge and is called an ion. As a rule, these charged particles are formed from atoms under the influence of electric fields, radiation of a different nature or high temperature. Ions are chemically hyperactive. These charged atoms are capable of dynamically reacting with other particles.