Afghanistan In the 1960s, Godach

Contradictions on ethnic and ideological grounds, tribal traditions, petty-bourgeois elements, characteristic of the Afghan society, naturally had a considerable influence on the PDPA, which did not have the necessary experience of political struggle. All this served as the main reasons for its split into two factions. However, despite the opposition of the authorities, repression, a sharp struggle against other factions - from the right-clerical to the ultra-left factions, the NDCA factions propagated the ideas of scientific socialism among students, officers, officials, middle strata, mainly in the cities; Special attention was paid to propaganda among workers. Only from 1965 to 1973 more than 2 thousand rallies and demonstrations were organized, in which thousands of workers participated. Cardinal importance attached to the PDPA agrarian question, the need to resolve which was widely covered in the party press, was put in parliament by its deputies - members of the PDPA, was taken into account in practical work. However, the involvement of the peasantry in the political struggle was seriously complicated by almost total illiteracy in the villages, a huge influence on the peasants' consciousness of religion and traditions.

The ideas of creating a united national front, the need for consistent explanatory work among the masses, the use of legal forms of struggle, including the tribune of the parliament, rejected the ultra-left elements that created the Shoaleyi Javid group (Eternal Flame) in the late 1960s. They regarded the peasantry as the leading force of the revolution, called for an armed uprising, provoked the implementation of actions leading to a split in the left-democratic forces, and criticized the theory and practice of scientific socialism as a whole. In the context of the development of the political struggle against the PDPA, they established contacts with extreme right-wing groups, including the Muslim Brotherhood and the Muslim Youth, who already had close political contacts with imperialism and some conservative Muslim regimes in the Arab countries that supported them And financially.
The inability and unwillingness of the monarchy to tackle the cardinal social and economic problems resulted in serious contradictions in the ruling elite itself. Five formations of the cabinet of ministers, which were replaced in 10 years (1964-1973), could neither improve the economic situation in the country, nor alleviate aggravated contradictions.

Afghanistan In the 1960s ...
The overthrow of the monarchy in July 1973, the proclamation of the republic and the subsequent rule of M. Daud (1973- 1978), which declared the implementation of reforms "in the interests of the people," was the last attempt of supporters of capitalist transformations to prevent a social explosion. However, in the government, among the officers and the leadership of individual ministries and departments, a struggle began on the question of the nature of the forms of these transformations. During this period the extremely right-wing, nationalist and ultra-left groups, frightened by the growing influence of the PDPA, became particularly active. Acting often as a united front, despite various initial positions and ultimate goals, they, with the support of the forces of imperialism and external reaction, resorted to direct pressure on the government, organized conspiracies, carried out terrorist actions. Despite the inconsistency and inconsistency of M. Daud's policy, his attempts to maneuver between reactionary and democratic elements, under the influence of the PDPA members, who were part of the government in the first years of the republic, some events were held in the country that had a general democratic orientation. But further on this M. Daoud practically did not go. Adoption of the Constitution in Afghanistan in 1977.