What is trade? Her types and types

A very important and strongest factor affecting the historical process in general and the life of society in particular is trade. The level of development of trade is one of the criteria for assessing the overall cultural level of people, and the higher it is, the higher the level of trade relations between them. This confirms the fact or absence of trade relations in general, or their presence at the stage of exchange and primitive "folding places" of the wild tribes still existing. What is trade now? It is a network of the most complex commercial relations covering the whole world, which have a decisive influence on the social and political life of countries and peoples.

External form of trade

Trading operations, when the buyer and seller are in different countries, i.e. When the goods are transferred through the borders of states as a result of buying and selling, they are called foreign trade. This type of trade has the form of import, export and transit. Commodity transactions between the two countries (when it is possible to cross the goods by the border only between these two countries) are called import-export transactions. The imported goods are called imported and the seller's country is the importer for it, and its sold goods are exports. When a third party intervenes in trading operations, which is neither a buyer nor a seller, it is called a transit country, and the transportation of goods through this country is transit.

Internal form of trade

What is internal trade, the very definition says. With this form, the goods do not cross the borders of states. The seller transfers the goods to the buyer from hand to hand, i.e. They are in one place or city (this is local trade). The buyer and the seller can be in different cities, and then the goods are transported from one location to another - this is inter-city trade.

Wholesale and retail trade, as well as market - these are types of the domestic market. The trading enterprise is the primary link, the main function of which is the sale. At sale there is a change of the form of cost, from commodity in cash.

Trade at retail

The sales volume determines two forms of trade: wholesale and retail. If, as a result of purchase and sale, the goods fall directly into the hands of the consumer for his own non-commercial use, then this activity is retail. It can be sold in person at the store, on the street, at the consumer's home or by phone, mail, or through a vending machine. Modern enterprises that sell retail goods have many types. These are self-service stores selling everyday goods at affordable prices. There are shops with a free selection of goods, but the final deal is made with the participation of the seller. Prices in such stores are higher, because Account for the overhead costs of personnel. At enterprises with limited customer service, they are provided with qualified assistance and provide a number of other services. For example, buying goods on credit and the possibility of returning a new product, which for some reason did not fit the buyer.

Rich buyers choose fashionable stores with full customer service. In such stores the goods of expensive brands are presented. In addition to a wide range of lending services, such companies provide recreation rooms, cafes, restaurants, free delivery and maintenance of goods at home and other amenities.

Prices and types of retail trade

Stores for retail trade vary in price levels. Fashionable trade at higher prices. Most offer medium-price products.

But what is trade and enterprises at reduced prices? This is not a markdown, not a sale with discounts and no trade in a poor quality product. These are companies operating on the principle of high turnover. Sales at low prices of large volumes are also handled by storehouses. Shops such as showrooms are traded through catalogs and prices. There are many out-of-store forms of retail trade through orders by mail, by phone, vending machines, in raznos.

Commodity assortment

Trade enterprises on the proposed range of goods are called supermarkets or department stores and specialized shops. There are many more businesses that provide various types of retail services. This is starting with the services of banks, hotels, airlines and ending with beauty salons and households. In the department store the goods of different assortment are presented in special departments.

A supermarket is a trading enterprise operating in a self-service system, where the goods of different groups can be presented as collateral. In specialized stores there are products of the same type assortment groups, but wide saturation. This stores are furniture, household appliances, sportswear, flowers, etc. There may be highly specialized enterprises. In the clothing zone, for example, this is a lingerie store. Wholesale and retail trade is possible in supermarkets and specialized enterprises.

Wholesale trade

If, as a result of a sale or purchase, a buyer purchases goods for resale or use in his profession, then it is a question of wholesale trade. The trading zone and the volume of sales of wholesale enterprises are much larger than in retail. Wholesalers more efficiently perform the functions of purchasing, transporting, storing, breaking down into consignments, consulting and providing information services on the market, forming orders, marketing, financing, management.

There are several groups of wholesalers. The first is commercial firms, trading houses, bases, distributors, who acquire ownership of their goods and work with a full or limited service cycle. The second group consists of brokers and agents. The main function of agents is to facilitate the conduct of trade, brokers - to bring the seller to the potential buyer or vice versa, depending on who he was employed by. For these services they receive rewards. The third group is the branches of wholesale producers, allowing buyers and sellers to carry out trade transactions without intermediaries, without the participation of independent wholesalers.

Market Trade

The market is a subject of economic activity and irrespective of the forms of ownership of participants is subject to laws and is governed by the rules on state trade. Trade in the market has always played an important role in providing the population with food and non-food products, The direct producer has free access to his product on the market. The effective mechanism of commodity-money exchanges is regulated by supply and demand directly on the market. It is allowed to trade in bulk and at retail. In the modern market, the necessary conditions for trade are created. Trade objects are being built. They are equipped with commercial and technical equipment. The market is a convenient and shortest way of any type and volume of goods at an affordable price from the producer to the consumer.