What is BDS? Secondary Diseases

Diseases of the digestive system are quite common pathologies that occur in the vast majority of the world's inhabitants. However, not everyone knows that many diseases of the gastrointestinal tract arise from the pathological conditions of the large duodenal papilla. From the materials of our article, the reader will learn about what BDS is, what types of diseases of this structure are known to medicine, how to diagnose pathological conditions, and what therapy is carried out.

The concept of OBD

The large duodenal papilla (OBD) is an anatomical structure of the hemispherical shape, which is located on the mucosa of the descending part of the duodenum. In the medical literature, BDS can occur under other names - a large papilla of the duodenum, or pectoral pectorals. And yet, what is BDS? This structure is from 2 mm to 2 cm in size, which performs a very important function - it connects the common bile duct, the main pancreatic duct and the duodenum. BDS regulates the flow of bile and pancreatic juice into the small intestine and prevents intestinal contents from entering the ducts.

In the structure of the OBD, pathological changes can occur under the influence of various factors - a diverse pathogenic microflora, pressure fluctuations and changes in the acid-base balance, stagnant phenomena in the cavity, etc. In addition, the structure of the organ can be disturbed by migration through the bile duct of stones or other dense structures.

Pathology of OBD

Diseases of the large duodenal papilla are very diverse. With the development of modern diagnostic methods, conclusions about functional disorders in this structure are encountered much more often than previously thought. However, due to untimely and rather difficult diagnostics, medical practice often encounters a huge number of unsatisfactory results in the treatment of patients with cholelithiasis or pancreatitis that have developed against the background of violations in the structure of OBD.

A common pathology of BDS are tumor-like neoplasms - hyperplastic polyps constitute up to 87% of benign neoplasms. Polyps, as a rule, do not degenerate into malignant tissues. Adenomas are a more rare disease, BDS cancer accounts for up to 25% of all malignant neoplasms. Stenosis of the OBD is diagnosed in 4-40% of patients. As a rule, the pathologies of BDS are interrelated with cholelithiasis (CHD), which occurs in every tenth inhabitant.

Classification of Diseases

Diseases of the large duodenal papilla are classified into two large groups:

• Primary,
• Secondary.

Primary diseases include those disorders that occur and are localized within the structure of the OBD - papillitis (inflammatory disease); Spastic stenosis of the OBD, which can later be transformed into papillosclerosis; Age-related changes in OBD; Congenital anomalies; Benign and malignant neoplasms - lipomas, melanomas, fibromas, adenomas, polyps, papillomas.

Secondary diseases of OBD are stenoses caused by cholelithiasis. Symptoms of the disease are directly related to the cause that caused it. So, if the pathological process is a consequence of the disease of the biliary system, the course of the disease will be similar to those of the LCB pathology, which is characterized by the formation of stones in the gallbladder or bile ducts, accompanied by a feeling of heaviness in the hypochondrium, flatulence, heartburn, unstable stools.

There is the concept of combined stenoses - violations of the function of OBD, which arose against the background of duodenal ulcers. In this case there is a lack of OBD.

Pancreatitis

If the pathological processes in the structure of the OBD are caused by inflammation of the pancreas, the manifestations of the disease will be similar to those of pancreatitis.

Pancreatitis is an inflammatory process in the pancreas. It is noteworthy that the picture of the course of the disease can be different - pathology can develop rapidly, taking a sharp form, or not manifest itself for a long time, which is characteristic of the chronic form of the flow.

The main symptom of acute pancreatitis is a very severe cutting pain in the upper abdomen - right or left hypochondrium. Pain can be shinier and do not stop even after taking antispasmodics or analgesics. That's what BDS is and what the consequences of this are in violation of its functions.

In addition to pain in pancreatitis there is a vomiting reflex, muscle weakness, dizziness. The main signs of pancreatitis in ultrasound investigation are the change in shape and unevenness of the edges of the pancreas. When diagnosed in the body can be found cysts. I must say that the disease is difficult. And with untimely intervention can lead to death.

Spastic stenosis of the OBD

Stenosis BDS is a pathology with a benign course that is caused by the obstruction of the biliary and pancreatic ducts due to inflammatory changes and cicatricial narrowing of the papilla. How's it going? The passage of the stone causes injury to the papilla, and an active infectious process in the folds leads to the development of fibrous tissue and stenosis of the areas of the ampoule of the OBD.

As is known, the age of a person has a direct influence on the structure of the OBD. People of advanced years with cholelithiasis suffer from an atrophic-sclerotic form of chronic papillitis. The contingent, whose age has not reached the age of sixty, is subject to hyperplastic changes in BDS (adenomatous, adenomyomatous).

In recent years, due to the fact that endoscopes are used to diagnose diseases of OBD, it became possible to clearly distinguish between stenosing and catarrhal (nonstenotic) papillitis. The first form of pathology is associated with cholelithiasis. If the body does not form stones, the development of the disease causes a chronic infection that spreads with the flow of lymph.

Forms of stenosis

Depending on the morphological features, there are three forms of stenosis:

• Inflammatory-sclerotic stenosis - a pathology characterized by various degrees of fibrosis;
• Fibrocystic stenosis - a violation in which, together with the formation of fibrosis, small cysts are formed - sharply expanded glands due to compression by muscle fibers;
• Adenomyomatous stenosis - a pathology in which adenomatous glandular hyperplasia occurs, as well as hypertrophy of smooth muscle fibers and proliferation of fibrous fibers, a violation often occurs in the elderly.

In addition, cicatricial stenosis of OBD is classified:

• On primary,
• secondary.

Primary stenosis does not cause changes in the bile ducts. Pathology is caused by degenerative changes in the papilla itself, which manifest itself in the atrophy of the muscular layer. Sometimes the primary stenosis is an innate pathology.

Secondary stenosis is a consequence of the already existing changes in the structure due to traumatization of the papilla by migration of stones or surgical intervention.

Depending on the extent of the spread of the disease, the stenosis of the OBD is divided:

• On isolated,
• common.

Diagnostics

To date, several fairly effective methods for diagnosing diseases of the OBD are being used in medicine. Let us consider some of them in more detail. Endoscopic ultrasonography is a technique in which an OBD structure is studied using an optical device - an endoscope. A photo of the papilla made with such a study is given above.

Transabdominal ultrasonography is a screening method of examination using ultrasound, which allows very accurate identification of structural changes in the gallbladder, liver, pancreas, and ducts. In addition, the technique determines the homogeneity of the gallbladder cavity and its contractility, the presence / absence of intracavitary inclusions.

The following method of diagnosing BDS pathologies is ultrasound cholecystography - manipulation, by which the motor-evacuator function of the gallbladder is examined for two hours from the moment of taking the cholagogue breakfast.

Dynamic hepatobiliary scintigraphy is a procedure based on an evaluation of the liver's absorption and excretory function. Fractional chromatic duodenal sounding allows to determine the tone of the gallbladder; Colloidal stability of the hepatic fraction of bile and its bacteriological composition. In gastroduodenoscopy, the condition of the OBD is assessed, as well as monitoring the nature of bile flow. In addition to these methods, there is a computed tomography and laboratory diagnostics.

BDS: treatment

The basis of therapy for stenosis of the OBD is the task of restoring the normal outflow of bile and pancreatic juice into the duodenum. In accordance with this task, there are a number of principles, the following of which will help to achieve success in treatment:

• Psychotherapy, treatment of neuroses, stabilization of the hormonal background, minimizing stress, rest, proper diet;
• Treatment of pathologies of the abdominal cavity,
• Elimination of dyspeptic factors.

In order to eliminate neurotic disorders, sedatives, infusions or decoctions of various herbs are used. In addition, the patient is shown psychotherapy sessions.

An important component of successful treatment is diet:

• Fractional food intake;
• Refusal of alcohol and carbonated drinks, as well as smoked and fried foods;
• Restriction in the reception of egg yolks, muffins, creams, strong coffee and tea;
• Frequent use of cabbage, wheat bran and buckwheat porridge;
• Taking antispasmodics, which relieve painful attacks.

Often, the stenosis of the OBD is treated by surgical methods. Distinguish corrective and uncorrecting operations. The first group includes endoscopic PST, bougie BDS.

In the period of remission patients in addition to the diet are recommended maintenance therapy - the benefit is daily walking, morning exercises, swimming.

Summarizing the above, we can summarize that many diseases of the gastrointestinal tract occur against the background of a malfunction in the work of one small structure. Such violations lead to serious problems in the body and are often amenable to surgery only surgically. That's what BDS is.