What does water consist of: from which molecules and atoms

Water - the main component of all life on Earth. It is also the habitat of organisms, and the main element in their structure, and, consequently, the source of life. It is used in all industries. Therefore, imagine life with a lack of water is very difficult.

What is included in the water

Everyone is perfectly aware of the fact that water consists of hydrogen and oxygen. This is really so. But besides these two elements, the water in its composition still has a huge list of chemical components.

What does water consist of?

It is inherent to transform, while passing the hydrological cycle: evaporation, condensation and precipitation in the form of precipitation. During the course of these phenomena, the water comes into contact with a variety of compounds of organic nature, with metals, gases, as a result of which the liquid is supplemented by various elements.

Elements that make up water are divided into 6 categories:

1. Ions. These include: cations Na, K, Mg, Ca, anions: Cl, HCO ₃ and SO _4. These components Are in the water in the largest, in comparison with others, quantity. In the liquid, they come from soil layers, natural minerals, rocks, and also as elements of the decay of industrial products.
2. Dissolved gases: oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen sulphide, carbon dioxide and others. The amount of each gas in the water depends directly on its temperature.
3. Nutrients. The main ones are phosphorus and nitrogen, which enter the liquid from sediments, sewage and agricultural waters.
4. Microelements. They are about 30 species. Their indices in the water composition are very small and range from 0.1 to 1 microgram per 1 liter. These include: bromine, selenium, copper, zinc, etc.
5. Organic substances dissolved in water, and nitrogen-containing substances. These are alcohols, carbohydrates, aldehydes, phenols, peptides and so on.
6. Toxins. These are mainly heavy metals and refined products.

Molecule of water

So, from what molecules does water consist?

The water formula is trivial-H ₂ O. And it shows that the water molecule consists of hydrogen and oxygen atoms. A stable link has been established between them.

The mass of the molecule is 18.016 g / mol, where hydrogen accounts for 11.19% and oxygen for 88.81%.

The water molecule is polar, since it does not have a specific center around which positive and negative charges are concentrated, but has two oppositely charged poles.

Water consists of atoms, the angle between which varies depending on the aggregate state of the fluid. So, when it is in a state of gas, the angle between hydrogen and oxygen is 104 ^° , in the solid state it is 109 ^° . These parameters, as well as the distance between atoms are also affected by the components present.

The structure of the molecule

Previously, it was considered from which atoms water consists. This is hydrogen and oxygen. Oxygen plays the leading role. Around this element are placed negatively charged electrons, and positively charged protons are concentrated near hydrogen atoms. This ratio of the poles of the molecule affects the nature of the molecular bond - it is polar.

Since the two hydrogen atoms are of the same charge, they, respectively, are separated from each other. This affects the resulting angle between the atoms of oxygen and hydrogen, it is 104.5 °. Because of the heterogeneity of the poles, a water molecule is called a dipole. This property determines the unusual characteristics of the molecule.

How does the water molecule in space look like? To determine the shape of a molecule, connect the centers of atoms with straight lines, as a result of which a three-dimensional figure appears - a tetrahedron. This is the structure of the water.

The shape of the water molecule can vary depending on its aggregate state. For the gaseous state, the angle between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms is 104.27 °, for the solid state-109.5 °, for the liquid state-105.03 °.

The molecules that make up water occupy a certain volume in space, while their shells are covered with an electronic cloud in the form of a veil. The type of water molecule considered in the plane is compared with the X-shaped chromosome, which serves to transmit genetic information, and, therefore, gives rise to a new life. From this form, analogy of the chromosome and water as sources of life is carried out.

In space, the molecule looks like a three-dimensional triangle, a tetrahedron. This form is very stable and changes only because of the influence of external physical factors on the water.

What does water consist of? Of those atoms that are subject to the influence of van der Waals forces, the formation of hydrogen bonds. In this connection, random associates and clusters are formed between the oxygen and hydrogen of neighboring molecules. The first are disordered structures, the latter are ordered associates.

In the familiar state of water, the number of associates is 60%, clusters - 40%.

Between adjacent water molecules, the formation of hydrogen bridges, which contribute to the formation of various structures - clusters.

Clusters are able to interact with each other through hydrogen bonds, and this leads to the appearance of structures of a new order - hexahedrons.

Electronic structure of the water molecule

Atoms are what the water consists of, and each atom has its own electronic structure. Thus, the graphic formula of the electronic levels looks like this: ₈ О 1s ² 2s ² 2p ⁴ , ₁ Н 1s ¹ .

When the formation of a water molecule occurs, overlapping of electron clouds occurs: two unpaired electrons of oxygen overlap with one unpaired electron of hydrogen. As a result of overlapping, an angle of 104 ° between atoms is formed.

Aggregate state of water

As already mentioned, water molecules are dipoles, and this fact affects the unusual properties of the substance. One such property is that water can be present in nature in three aggregate states: liquid, solid, and vapor.

The transition from one state to another is due to the following processes:

1. Boiling - from the liquid to steam.
2. Condensation is the transition of their vapor into a liquid (precipitation).
3. Crystallization - when the liquid turns into ice.
4. Melting is the process of melting ice and getting liquid.
5. Sublimation is the transformation of ice into a vapor state.
6. Desublimation is the reverse reaction of sublimation, that is, the transition of steam into ice.

The structure of its molecular lattice depends on the state of water.

Conclusion

Thus, it can be said that water is a complex substance with a simple structure that can vary depending on its state. And it became clear to us from which molecules water consists.