Unplanned vaccination against poliomyelitis. Types of vaccines, contraindications

The issue of vaccinating children is acute in our country. With the development of information technologies, modern parents of children have the opportunity to receive a wide variety of information about the appropriateness of vaccinating their crumbs. Unfortunately, in most cases the information obtained in this way is unreliable, distorted, which leads to an unjustified refusal of vaccination. Even more protest is caused by vaccinations, which are recommended for general conduct in the situation of the spread of the disease. So, unscheduled vaccination against poliomyelitis led to serious confrontations of supporters and opponents of vaccinations. In this article, we will try to explain why immunization is carried out, what risks there are.

Schedule of vaccinations

Despite the various fears of parents of babies, doctors recommend that the child be vaccinated against poliomyelitis as early as possible. So, the first vaccination according to the calendar approved by the Ministry of Health is assigned to a three-month-old child. The next vaccination is carried out 45 days after the previous one. And the last - in half a year from a birth. Then a revaccination is necessary in a year and a half and 14 years. Such a schedule of vaccinations against poliomyelitis makes it possible to develop a stable immunity to the virus.

When are children vaccinated additionally?

In some cases, an unplanned vaccination against poliomyelitis is carried out. It happens:

• If it is impossible to confirm the fact of vaccination of the child;
• Before visiting countries with an unfavorable epidemiological situation;
• When fixing cases of the disease with "wild" poliomyelitis in the country of residence.

History of the vaccine

Poliomyelitis was literally a few decades ago a dangerous and incurable disease. There was a high mortality rate among patients. Only in the twentieth century the American scientist Jonas Solk created a vaccine against such a disease. For the first time children were vaccinated with inactivated solution in 1954. But, unfortunately, the experiment was unsuccessful - a large percentage of schoolchildren who received an injection from poliomyelitis had symptoms of infection with the virus, and lethal outcomes were fixed. After this case, the vaccine was banned for use.

The next attempt to develop a vaccine against poliomyelitis was undertaken in 1957 by scientist Albert Sabin. He created an oral drug based on a living virus. The tests carried out proved the relative safety and high effectiveness of this poliomyelitis prophylaxis. In 1963 oral vaccine was used in most countries of the world. But the results obtained indicated insufficient effectiveness of the drug on the basis of a living virus. In addition, there were officially recorded cases of serious complications after OPV (vaccine) was introduced. This fact caused a great public response. After that, this drug was banned for use in most developed countries of the world.

Types of vaccines

Despite the fact that numerous studies have proved the negative impact on the human body of preparations for immunization, the disease itself is no less dangerous. Therefore, the universal vaccination was not abolished, but developed a certain schedule of vaccinations against poliomyelitis. At the same time, in different countries it differs not only in terms of timing, but also in the types of drugs used.

To date, vaccines are used on the basis of inactivated virus and live. Each of these species has advantages and disadvantages (more details below).

Vaccination against poliomyelitis in different countries

In developed countries, calendar vaccinations, as well as unscheduled vaccination against poliomyelitis are carried out exclusively inactivated drug. In the CIS countries, this method is used to inoculate babies who are 3 and 4.5 months old. From birth. At the third stage of immunization (at 6 months), as well as in all subsequent revaccinations, a drug based on live virus is used.

On the African continent and in Asia, vaccine is still being vaccinated with a "live" vaccine. This is due to the fact that such a drug is much cheaper than an inactivated analogue.

Advantages of OPV

Oral vaccine is a preparation made on the basis of a live, but weakened in the laboratory conditions of the poliovirus. In addition, such a drug necessarily includes antibiotics in its composition to prevent the propagation of pathogenic microflora. What is the mechanism of action of this vaccine? In fact, after taking the drug inside, the person becomes infected with polio. But due to the fact that the virus is weakened, it does not pose a health hazard.

Nevertheless, such a vaccine has both advantages and disadvantages. The following facts can be classified as merits:

• Painless introduction (many countries still drip the necessary amount of the drug on a piece of sugar and offer to children);
• OPV (vaccine) is a combination, that is, protects against three types of poliomyelitis strains;
• Drugs based on live virus are much cheaper to produce than IPV;
• Oral vaccine causes not only humoral immunity, but also tissue, which can not be achieved with an inactivated drug.

disadvantages

Has the disadvantages of OPV (vaccine). You can specify the following:

1. As a result of the fact that the drug is made on the basis of a living virus, there is a risk of real infection with a paralytic form of poliomyelitis. Such complication after vaccination is called a vaccine-associated disease (VAP). This condition is caused by strains of poliomyelitis, which are components of the drug for immunization. Usually, cases of VAP development occur as a result of improper dosing of the vaccine, as well as incorrect conditions for its storage and transportation. Individual sensitivity to the components of the drug can not be ruled out.
2. It is not recommended to vaccinate a child from polio with an oral vaccine if a pregnant woman or other ungrafted child is present in the nearest environment of the baby, as well as persons with weakened immunity. This carries for the indicated categories of people the risk of contracting the virus.
3. Despite manufacturers' beliefs, a "live" vaccine is more likely to cause adverse reactions than IPV.
4. It is important to clarify the composition of this drug: it includes 3 types of strains of the virus, 2 antibiotics ("Streptomycin" and "Neomycin") and formaldehyde as a preservative.

IPV vaccine

When asked which polio vaccine is safer, most will respond that it is inactivated. And to some extent this is true. The unconditional advantage of IPV is the inability to develop VAP, because the inactivated drug contains no live viruses, which are the source of infection. Also, as a result of using "non-living" strains of the virus, the risk of developing post-vaccination complications and adverse reactions decreases.

But nevertheless the composition of the drug also includes preservatives and antibiotics. In addition, the shortcomings of IPV can be attributed to the inability of collective immunization, as well as the lack of the formation of tissue local protection. The latter factor significantly reduces the effectiveness of vaccination against poliomyelitis, since the main ways of transmission of a viral disease are food, water and household.

Such immunization is performed by subcutaneous or intramuscular injection into the thigh, under the shoulder blade, into the shoulder.

Names of vaccines

In our country for today use monovakzinu OPV "Poliomyelitis oral". The inactivated virus is used in such preparations as:

• "Imovax Polio".
• Infanriks.
• "DTP".
• "Pentaxim".
• "Tetrakok".

All of the above, except Imovax Polio, are multicomponent vaccines, that is, those that form protection from several viral diseases, in particular poliomyelitis, diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough, and hemophilic infection.

Possible adverse reactions and complications

It should be noted that serious complications occur extremely rarely and more often in people who have immunodeficiency or congenital disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, as well as in case of non-compliance with vaccination rules. According to statistical data, there is an increase in adverse reactions in the case when large-scale unscheduled vaccination against poliomyelitis is carried out. It is in this situation that the facts of improper storage and transportation of the drug, incorrect calculations of dosage and other disorders are most often recorded.

What are the possible side reactions after vaccination? The most dangerous complication is the development of VAP after vaccination with the drug "living" virus.

The widespread adverse reactions following immunization against poliomyelitis with OPV and IPV vaccines are:

• Increase in temperature (up to 38 degrees) after vaccination;
• Allergic reactions;
• Disturbance of the stool.

In most cases, all these symptoms do not require special treatment and go on their own 1-2 days later. But if a child is concerned about such complaints for a long period, or if the condition of a small patient worsens, it is necessary to immediately seek medical help. Also, you should immediately go to the hospital if you find symptoms such as coughing, runny nose against a high temperature, as well as convulsions, lethargy, vomiting, decreased sensitivity of the limbs.

Do I need to vaccinate children against poliomyelitis?

This issue worries not only young parents, but also world researchers. Refusal of vaccination will lead to a large-scale epidemic of the disease. We must not forget that the consequences of poliomyelitis can be the most unfavorable. The most frequent complications of this disease are: meningitis, deformity of limbs, stopping in development, CNS disorders (including paralysis). In addition, the virus is transmitted by airborne and food routes, so it is impossible to protect the baby from infection. It turns out, the only measure to prevent this disease is immunization, despite the existing low risks of the occurrence of adverse reactions. Do not refuse from such an event as an unplanned vaccination against poliomyelitis. Such a measure is carried out solely for the purpose of preventing the disease.

Contraindications

When is vaccination not recommended? The main contraindications are:

• Chronic or infectious disease in the acute stage;
• Neurological complications for previous vaccination;
• immunodeficiency;
• Individual intolerance of the components of the drug.

Vaccination against poliomyelitis: vaccination rules

In order to reduce the existing risks of developing complications after vaccination, and to improve the effectiveness of vaccination, some recommendations should be followed:

• Before immunization it is necessary to undergo a medical examination;
• Do not eat and drink an hour before and one hour after OPV vaccination ;
• A month after the vaccination is not recommended to increase physical activity or change the diet;
• It is necessary to exclude heavy fat and sweet food (the nursing mother also needs to revise her diet);
• After vaccination (1-2 weeks), it is recommended to avoid places of large concentrations of people.

Should I vaccinate a child from poliomyelitis? There is no unambiguous answer to this question - in any case, there are certain risks. When making a decision, it should be remembered that this disease is extremely dangerous. Complications after suffering a "wild" virus can be very serious, up to disability and death.