Types of climate. Types of climates in Russia: table

Climatic conditions can change and transform, but in general they remain the same, making some regions attractive for tourism, and others - hard for survival. Understand the existing types is for a better understanding of the geographical features of the planet and responsible attitude to the environment - some of the belts humanity can lose in the course of global warming and other catastrophic processes.

What is the climate?

By this definition is understood a steady weather regime, which distinguishes this or that terrain. It is reflected in the complex of all changes observed on the territory. Types of climate affect the nature, determine the state of water bodies and soils, lead to the emergence of specific plants and animals, affect the development of the economy and agriculture. Formation occurs as a result of exposure to solar radiation and winds in combination with a kind of surface. All these factors directly depend on the geographical latitude, which determines the angle of incidence of the rays, and hence the volume of heat production.

What affects the climate?

Determine what the weather will be, can different conditions (in addition to geographical latitude). For example, proximity to the ocean has a strong impact. The further the territory is from large waters, the less rain gets, and the more uneven. Closer to the ocean, the amplitude of the oscillations is small, and all types of climate in such lands are much softer than continental ones. No less important are the sea currents. For example, they warm the coast of the Scandinavian Peninsula, which contributes to the growth of forests there. However, Greenland, which has a similar location, is covered with ice throughout the year. Strongly influences the formation of climate and relief. The higher the terrain, the lower the temperature, so it can be cold in the mountains, even if they are in the tropics. In addition, ridges can hold up air masses, which causes a lot of precipitation on the windward slopes, and further on the continent they are noticeably less. Finally, it is worth noting the impact of winds, which can also seriously change the types of climate. Monsoons, hurricanes and typhoons transfer moisture and significantly affect the weather.

All existing types

Before studying each type separately it is necessary to understand the general classification. What can be the main types of climate? The easiest way to understand the example of a particular country. The Russian Federation occupies a large area, and on the territory of the country the weather is very different. To learn everything, the table will help. The types of climates and places where they predominate are distributed in it according to each other.

As you can see, there is no equatorial belt and some intermediate types. What is characterized by each of the above, you can study in detail, starting with the pole and moving the map down.

Arctic climate

Known even as a polar, similar type is characteristic of the zones at the pole. It is included in the types of climates of Russia - the table begins precisely with this variant of weather conditions. Generally, two of its varieties are distinguished. The first is the polar climatic belt in the Arctic, and the second - in the Antarctic. Weather conditions in such territories are severe, not involving comfortable living of a person. Throughout the year, the zone is characterized by a minus temperature, even in August the air can warm up to only five degrees. This period is called the polar summer, it lasts only a few weeks or does not occur at all. Winter differs in duration and a small amount of snow. Average temperature determines the territory: the type of climate assumes both minus ten at the Atlantic Ocean, and up to thirty-five degrees below zero in the Pacific. For the belt is characterized by a minimum amount of precipitation, not exceeding three hundred millimeters. There are practically no vegetation on such lands, only lichens and mosses survive.

Temperate climate

Such weather conditions are the most common. The moderate type of climate prevails between 45 and 65 degrees in the Northern Hemisphere and within 42 and 58 in the Southern hemisphere. It is characterized by a clear division of the year into four seasons with two transitional (spring and autumn), warm (summer) and cold (winter). The weather is characterized by periodic cloudiness, precipitation is formed under the influence of cyclones and anticyclones. The closer the territory is to the ocean, the more noticeable their impact. At the same time, the greater the distance from the water area, the greater the temperature fluctuation. Transitional seasons, as a rule, are protracted, with long depressions and elevations of degrees. The average temperatures of the coldest month, January, can be 10 to 40 below zero, all determined by the specific location of the region. A hot month is July (the average temperature is about 21 degrees of heat). Describing the types of climates in Russia, the table refers most of the territories to the temperate zone . It is also typical for the US and most of Europe. In this zone coniferous and mixed forests are widespread, sometimes forest-steppe. Year-round vegetation is impossible due to the change of seasons.

Tropical climate

Characteristic for lands located between 20 and 30 degrees north or south latitude. Tropical is one of the main types of climate. It is characterized by extremely low humidity and minimal amount of precipitation, the predominance of high pressure anticyclones, which leads to frequent sunny days. It is often blowing strong dry winds, which are the cause of a sandstorm in the desert area. In this territory there are no four seasons, which implies a moderate climatic belt. Type of climate of the tropics provides only two seasons - cold and warm, with temperature fluctuations within thirty degrees. Record heat was plus fifty-eight. This type distinguishes and appreciable diurnal fluctuations, sometimes reaching up to thirty degrees. For example, in the summer the air is heated up to forty-five, and in the evening it cools down to fifteen. Rarely at night, there are frosts. As mentioned above, this type of climate forms deserts. The most famous is the Sahara. The tropical climate is typical for Mexico, North and South Africa, Arabia and Australia. In the humid areas of these areas, you can find areas of savannas and deciduous forest.

Equatorial climate

This variant of the weather is typical for the regions of the central belt of the Earth. A few hundred kilometers to the south and north of the equator is observed just such a zone. It is included in the main types of climate, of which there are four. Equatorial weather is characterized by the highest temperature levels throughout the year. The average is about 25 degrees. In the daytime, the air can warm up to forty, and at night cool down to fifteen. During the year such a temperature regime does not change. Other types of climate are characterized by at least a small change of seasons, the equatorial one is a permanent summer. The maximum decrease in the average monthly temperature is only two degrees in the winter months. In addition, there are extremely abundant precipitation, presented in the form of a shower with a thunderstorm. Their number can reach tens of thousands of millimeters. Due to the high temperature, the volatility in this region is consistently good. Equatorial climate also features a length of daylight hours, reaching twelve hours. This zone is characterized by rich flora and fauna. Almost half of all existing species of both animals and plants are found in the belt of the equatorial climate. It is typical for South America, Africa and Indonesia.

Subpolar climate

It is worth talking about intermediate options. You can easily determine the type of climate in the Arctic or the equator, but what about, say, the tundra? It combines the properties of the polar and temperate! Therefore, scientists have identified intermediate options. The subpolar climate is characterized by a low level of evaporation with precipitation of five hundred millimeters, which leads to the appearance of bogs. Summer in such areas is cold and short, with a temperature not exceeding fifteen degrees of heat, and in winter it drops to minus forty-five. The territory is covered with permafrost and is characterized by minimal vegetation in the form of lichens. This weather distinguishes the northern parts of Russia, Canada, Greenland, Scandinavia, Alaska and Antarctica.

Subtropical climate

This strip stretches between 30 and 40 degrees north or south latitude. It separates the temperate type of climate from tropical. In the subtropics are the USA, Asia, the Mediterranean, Japan, New Zealand and Australia. The subtropical climate is considered the best for human health. It can distinguish two seasons: dry and warm in summer and cool and humid in winter, which passes under the influence of air masses moving from temperate zones. The annual amplitude of the temperatures is quite large. In summer the air warms up to thirty-five, falling to two degrees on a winter night. During the day, the differences are small. The warmest are July and August, the cold months are January and February. In the southern hemisphere, the situation is reversed. The subtropical climate is characterized by evergreen forests, sometimes semi-deserts. Variety of flora guarantees the weather, providing year-round vegetation.

Subequatorial climate

This type of weather prevails on lands located just below the tropical belt. It is transitional. In summer, equatorial masses predominate here with abundant precipitation, they can fall to six thousand millimeters. In winter, the time comes for a tropical monsoon, which provides the territory with dry and warm air. During the drought period, the amount of precipitation does not exceed fifteen millimeters. This leads to the fact that in this zone two seasons can be clearly divided: the rainy season and the months of drought. The temperature remains high throughout the year. In the winter months, it falls only a couple of degrees. In addition, the daily amplitude is also low: the nights are usually almost as warm as the days. The subequatorial climate is characterized by moist forests, inhabited by many animals - rodents, predators, artiodactyls.

The sea climate

It is also worth highlighting the various zones located within the same belt. It is possible to distinguish a temperate marine or tropical marine climate, which has some similarities, despite the impressive differences. So, this type is typical for the territories on the coast. It is characterized by minimal fluctuations of both annual and daily temperatures and very gentle transitions of the seasons. The sea climate is characterized by strong wind, high clouds and constant humidity. Such territory can be found, for example, in Western Europe.

The continental climate

Such weather prevails in the regions located further beyond the sea climate zone. What are its features? The continental type of climate is characterized by sunny weather with anticyclones and an impressive amplitude of both annual and daily temperatures. Here summer quickly replaces the winter. The continental type of climate can be further divided into moderate, sharp and ordinary. The best example is the central part of the territory of Russia.

Monsoon climate

This type of weather is characterized by a sharp difference in winter and summer temperatures. In the warm season, the weather is formed under the influence of winds blowing to the land from the sea. Therefore, in the summer, the monsoon climate type resembles the sea, with abundant rains, high clouds, moist air and strong wind. In winter, the direction of the air masses is changing. Monsoon type of climate begins to resemble continental - with clear and frosty weather and minimal amount of precipitation throughout the season. Such variants of natural conditions are typical for several Asian countries - they are found in Japan, the Far East and the north of India.