The work of folk decorative art: species

Folk decorative art in our country is an organic part of folk culture. Poetic images, emotions inherent in him, are dear and understandable to all people. It instills a sense of beauty, helps to form a harmoniously developed personality. Based on long-standing artistic traditions, decorative art positively affects the education of a man of the future. Works that are created by masters from the people, are a reflection of love for their native land, the ability to see and understand the beauty of the surrounding world.

The main varieties of decorative art

Long centuries domestic production in peasant families, and since the XVIII-XIX centuries and handicrafts, supplied towns and villages with various utensils made of clay, wood and metal, stuffed fabrics, ceramic and wooden toys, carpets, etc. The most popular were the famous for its brightness And cheerfulness Gorodets painting on wood, Dymkovo figures and whistles made of clay, Lukutin painted painted boxes. Each of these objects is a work of folk decorative art. Wooden gold - Khokhloma painting - is of great interest in Russia and abroad.

There were original crafts in the Far East, the Russian North, Siberia, and the Caucasus. Fame was acquired by metal processing in Dagestan Kubachi, ceramic painting in Balkhar, and a notch on wood by silver Untsukul. Folk decorative art, whose kinds are very diverse, is represented in different parts of our vast country.

Vologda lace - folk decorative art

Vologda lace became popular in European capitals in the late 18th century. And in our time, many foreigners mistakenly believe that lace on the territory of Russia weaves only in Vologda. In fact, Elets, Kirishi, Vyatka also have reason to be proud of their products. Almost all of them have their own unique features. So, very interesting are Mikhaylov's colored laces. In our country they acquired no less popularity than the Vologda ones. Nevertheless, like hundreds of years ago, it is to Vologda that they go for a snow-white miracle.

Openwork carving

The openwork carving decorates objects made of small bone: boxes, caskets, pendants, brooches. The work of folk decorative art - bone lace - is so poetically called open-work carving.

The most widespread were three types of ornament in the case of cutting through the bone:

• Geometric - the intertwining of straight and curved lines.
• Vegetable.
• Rokailny - stylized form of the sea shell.

The technique of openwork carving is used to create compositions based on ornament and plot. The raw material is a common cow bone.

Thin work on the openwork carving requires special tools: nail files, shtihels, klepikov, jigsaws.

Beading

Beadwork can be proud of centuries-old history, as well as beads. Residents of Ancient Egypt were the first to master the complex skill of weaving necklaces on the basis of small colored glass balls, and also decorate their clothes. However, the bead production in the 10th century really blossomed. Over the years, the people of Venice carefully kept the secrets of skill. Luxurious beads adorned with purses and handbags, shoes, clothes and other elegant things.

When the beads appeared in America, it replaced the traditional materials used by the indigenous people. Here they were cradled, baskets, earrings, snuffboxes.

The peoples of the Far North were decorated with beaded embroidery of coffins, fur coats, reindeer harness, headdresses.

Batik

Batik - painting the fabric with their own hands with the use of fixing compounds. The technique is based on the observation that the rubber glue, paraffin when applied to the fabric does not let the paint pass through.

There are several varieties of batik - nodular, hot, shibori, cold.

The name "batik" is Indonesian, which means "draw", "stroke", "cover with drops."

This painting was used for a long time by the people of India and Indonesia. Batik came to Europe in the 20th century.

Painting

Painting is one of the most ancient types of decorative art. For centuries it has been an organic part of the unique culture and life of the people. In the folk art of Russia this type of decorative art is widespread.

Here are some types of mural:

• Zhostovo painting is a well-known Russian craft that appeared in the 19th century in the village of Zhostovo, not far from Moscow. Belongs to the most popular crafts, where Russian folk painting is created. Famous Zhostovo trays are painted by hand. Most often, bouquets of flowers are depicted on a black background.
• Gorodets painting is a trade that appeared in the town of Gorodets in the middle of the 19th century. The painting is bright and laconic. Its themes are horse figures, genre scenes, floral patterns. Decorated the doors, shutters, furniture, spinning wheels.
• Khokhloma painting - one of the oldest folk crafts. It originated in the XVII century in Khokhloma, near Nizhny Novgorod. Khokhloma painting - decorative painting of wooden objects, executed on a golden background in black, red, rarely green. After drawing the drawing, the product is coated with a special composition and three times processed in an oven, which makes it possible to achieve a unique honey-golden color. Traditional for Khokhloma are berries of mountain ash and red strawberries, branches and flowers. Often in the compositions appear beasts, fish and birds, turning it into a genuine work of folk decorative art. Wooden gold - so often called Khokhloma painting.

We will get acquainted with various objects of folk crafts used in kindergarten for the development of children.

Dymkovo toy

Products Kirov masters amazes with bright patterns, non-standard proportions and shape. Everyone is enthralled with elegant, beautifully decorated and painted mistresses, ponies, roosters, goats. The first Dymkovo toys appeared in 1811. At the Vyatka holiday clay dolls with paintings were sold. Clay toys were made by the master of the village of Dymkovo. They did this together with their families.

Now the factory, which produces Dymkovo toys, works in Kirov.

Filimon's toy

No less famous is the center of folk craft in the village of Filimonovo near Tula, where wonderful clay toys are born. People and animals made by craftsmen are distinguished by their quirky form and great expressiveness. This peasant women, ladies, soldiers, cows, equestrians on horses, sheep. Filimonov toys can not be confused with others, since they carry their own unique features in the form of modeling and painting. They play with all the colors of the rainbow.

A child who has seen a Philemon toy with a non-standard color and shape awakens a creative beginning.

Kargopol toy

Kargopol is an ancient city, whose inhabitants have long been engaged in pottery. Mostly they made dishes, but some masters were engaged in a clay toy. However, in 1930 the fishery fell into decay. The restoration of the Kargopol workshops happened in 1967.

Kargopol toys look stricter against the background of bright Dymkov and Filimonov. The range of colors is brown, black and dark green. There are many funny images, simple, but at the same time breathing warmth and humor. They are peasant women, bearded peasants, dolls with spinning wheels.

Gzhel cookware

Not far from Moscow is located the village of Gzhel. Since the 14th century, pottery was engaged here. Among the utensils that were produced kvassniki - plates and toys, which are painted with brown and yellowish-green colors for ceramics. Now porcelain products produced in Gzhel have world fame. The reason for this is the uniqueness of the form and picture. Gzhel porcelain is distinguished by a blue painting made on a white background. True, the blue is not homogeneous. If you look closely, you can find the subtlest shades and semitones that evoke thoughts about the blue of the sky, river and lake water. In addition to the dishes in Gzhel, they produce toys and a small sculpture. Everything that the master does is amazing with the harmony of content and form. This is a real work of folk decorative art. Gzhel get everyone dreams.

Decorative art in kindergarten

The art of folk craftsmen is not only for adults. It is important for children who can play with wood dolls and clay toys of Kirov craftsmen. The art of the people awakens the interest of the children with the originality of their designs, imagery and colorfulness. It is understandable to children, as its content is simple and concise, but at the same time opens before the child the beauty of the world surrounding it. Here are the favorite fairy-tale images of animals that are made of clay or wood, and ornaments with flowers, berries and leaves, many times seen in life. Masters engaged in the manufacture of clay toys, often paint their works with ornamentation from geometric figures: strips, rings, circles. These drawings also find understanding in kids. All clay and wooden products in kindergartens are not only the decoration of the interior. Guided by an experienced teacher, the children carefully look at them, doing their drawing and modeling on the basis of samples of folk items.

Folk decorative art in the kindergarten enters the life of the kids, bringing them joy, broadening their horizons, exerting a positive influence on the artistic taste. In pre-school educational institutions there should be a sufficient number of articles of folk crafts. This allows you to decorate the interiors of groups, updating them after a while. Artistic products are shown to children, when they talk about folk craftsmen. All such items should be stored in the cabinets of the pedagogical cabinet. They must be constantly replenished and distributed throughout the fisheries. Younger children need to buy toys, fun, chiseled wooden toys. Children of the middle group are better suited Filimonov and Kargopol. Children of older groups are available all kinds of folk toys, including clay and wooden.

Decorative modeling in a kindergarten provides for the creation of children's dishes, various figures on the theme of folk toys. In addition, children can make small-size jewelry for dolls, souvenirs for moms, grandmothers and sisters for the holiday of March 8.

Under the influence of classes with objects of folk crafts, children are more deeply and interested in illustrations on the themes of Russian folk tales. Folk toys with a wealth of their themes spur the child's imagination during the modeling sessions, making richer his knowledge of the world that surrounds him. Classes with the use of folk art as illustrations provide an opportunity to develop the mind of children.

However, a positive effect from this is achieved only if children are systematically and systematically introduced to objects of arts and crafts. Based on their knowledge, they create decorative works with their own hands. They are invited to reproduce a work of folk decorative art (any). A photo, if there is no work available, will help the child imagine that he will draw or sculpt.

The desire of children to create beautiful objects is largely determined by the attention of the educator himself to these issues. He must have information about folk crafts, be aware of the history of their appearance. If the teacher knows what kind of folk craft can be attributed this or that toy, and is able to tell interestingly about the masters who make these toys, the children will be interested and they will have a desire to engage in creativity.

Fine Arts in Junior Classes

Folk decorative art in the project activity of junior schoolchildren allows children to return to the sources of folk culture, to the spiritual heritage. In the modern world, the study of the wealth of national culture is the most important task of moral education of children, turning them into patriots of their country. In folk crafts the soul of the nation is embodied, the historical memory of generations is awakened. To educate a full-fledged personality, to develop its moral potential, the aesthetic taste of children is not possible, if conversations about creativity are reduced to abstract reasoning. After all, the work of the craftsmen is an illustration of the best qualities of a national character: it is the awakening of respect for one's own history and traditions, the love of the homeland in general and the place where it was born in particular, modesty, striving for beauty, a sense of harmony.

How to organize the educational process so that the love of the homeland was not just a beautiful phrase, but really corresponded to the inner essence of the younger generation? What can be done if there are no performances that reveal the theme of patriotism brightly and figuratively? In this issue, of course, requires a comprehensive approach. The tasks of moral and aesthetic education should be systematically solved.

In order for the child to understand what is at stake, it is suggested that in the lesson to consider a work of folk decorative art (any). An example of such a work will help to understand the issue.

The modern era requires the treatment of the very origins of art. Keeping, multiplying the national creativity, developing its traditions - such challenges are faced by teachers, educators, artists.

Fine Arts in Secondary School

As children grow older, they begin to understand more and more what is a work of folk decorative art. Grade 6 also systematically studies this issue.

The work program for the study of fine arts in the 6th grade provides for three main types of creative activity:

1. Fine work (painting, drawing).
2. Decoratively creativity (ornaments, paintings, applications).
3. Observation of the surrounding world (conversation).

These varieties allow children to get acquainted with the spheres of artistic creativity. Already in the course of acquaintance it becomes clear how closely these directions are interlinked and how noticeably they complement each other in the process of solving the problems posed by the program. Detailed analysis should be subjected to each work of folk decorative art. Grade 6 is the time for the development of artistic taste.

Fine art is taught in school in close connection with other subjects. It uses knowledge, which is obtained as a result of studying literature, music, Russian language, history, technology, biology. This makes it possible to understand the practical meaning of art lessons, their vital necessity. In the course of literature is also studied such a topic as "The work of folk decorative art." The composition (grade 6) allows the student to show knowledge of the subject. Children evaluate the products of folk craftsmen in it. They must draw up a work plan and describe a work of folk decorative art (any). 5-6 proposals for each item of the plan will suffice.

Folk Decorative Arts and Russia

And Tatarstan, and other regions of Russia touched folk art. Tatar decorative creativity is bright and multifaceted. It has its roots in the ancient times of paganism - VII-VIII century. In the Kazan Khanate and the Volga Bulgaria the development of art proceeded along the lines of Islamic traditions. The leading direction was a variety of floral and floral ornaments. This kind of pattern is widely manifested in various types of Tatar art. Ornaments adorn embroidery, leather mosaic, carvings on wood and stone, ceramics, jewelry, calligraphy. Zoomorphic style has become widespread in the products of Bulgarians masters of pagan time.

A feature of Russian decorative art is its mass character. In Russia, decorative art is often anonymous. Furniture Gambs and jewelry Faberge, rather, an exception than the rule. The masters created masterpieces of painting, weaving, dishes and toys. The artistic production of Russia can be proud of the creation of great values in various fields.

The first evidence of the high development of forging and jewelry production can be found among Scythians and tribes who lived in territories stretching from the Black Sea to Siberia. Here the advantage was given to the Scythian animal style. The northern Slavs, who were in contact with the inhabitants of Scandinavia, included in the ornament fragments of human and animal bodies, which are intricately intertwined. In the Urals, Finnish Finnish tribes made amulets with images of bears and wolves made of wood, stone or bronze.

Throughout Russia there were many icon-painting workshops. In Palekh, the Ivanovo region, the finest miniature painting has been developed on the subjects of folk tales and songs on black lacquer. From Ancient Byzantium to us came the filigree art of cloisonné enamel, embossing, grains, mobile, carved openwork on wood and bone. In the XVII century decorative art developed into a developed artistic production. This Rostov painted enamel, Nizhny Novgorod carving on the huts, silvering in Veliky Ustyug. The works of folk artists of decorative art were decorated with palaces and temples.

In Peter's times, Western European things came into fashion: soft furniture, faience. Since the XVIII century, mirrors are beginning to be widely used. MV Lomonosov mastered the art of producing glass, mirrors and mosaic smalt. Talented architects of the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries developed designs for decorative interior decoration. Some architects of that era began their creative career with decorating work, for example, Rossi and Voronikhin. The Imperial Court and the supreme nobility of Russia were supplied with numerous orders by private enterprises, which managed to reach the heights of skill. Such enterprises include Kuznetsovsky factories of faience and porcelain, Popovsky porcelain factory.

The study of folk art and folk crafts shows that the popularization of works of folk art in the best way affects both adults and children. This brings up aesthetic taste, contributes to the emergence of spiritual needs, evokes a sense of national pride and humanity. After all, amazing colorful objects are created by folk craftsmen, people whom nature has endowed with talent, imagination and kindness.