The structure of apple seeds. Botany: the school course

Apple tree, the description of which will be in this article - is one of the most widespread fruit crops in Russia. Its popularity is promoted not only by the taste and benefits of fruits, which can be consumed both directly in food, and in the preparation of various dishes. Apple tree is a tree that blooms surprisingly beautiful in the spring. In addition to apples, the apple seed contained in fruits also has useful properties . This will also be discussed in the article.

Botany - the science of plant life

Those who want to learn what botany studies, you can turn to the school course of biology. Botany, in simple terms, the science of plants. Therefore, all the necessary information about fruit crops, including the apple tree, can be learned from the reference books and manuals on botany.

All that botany studies is the structure of plants, their life, ways of reproduction. Also, this science classifies plant organisms by species, which allows it to study the evolution of plants, their origin, and much more. And of course, the structure of apple seeds .

Apple tree: structure and description

The apple tree, the description of which will be in this section, is a tree, differing in height depending on the variety. There are plants that reach no more than two meters in length, and there are longer ones - up to 15 meters. The apple tree has two kinds of branches - it is growth, long branches, and fruit.

Growth branches of the apple tree do not bear fruit. Their function is clear by name - they are responsible for increasing the size of the tree. Fruit branches are short, their function is to form flowers and apples.

Apple trees can be both garden and wild. The branches of wild trees are supplied with spines, such trees live for a long time - more than a hundred years, sometimes reaching the age of 200-300 years. Garden trees have thorns with spines, and they live a little less - about a hundred years, but no more.

The leaves of the apple tree are either smooth or covered with fluff from the lower side - depending on the variety. Also, the color depends on the color - either pure white, or pink, or white with a pinkish hue and even bright crimson, almost red. Flowers are collected in the inflorescence, pollinated crosswise.

It should be noted that the apple tree is a tree frost-resistant, withstands sufficiently low temperatures, reaching up to -40 degrees. This feature is one of the reasons for such a high popularity of wood in Russia.

Apple fruits, appearance

The apple tree begins to bear fruit on average about 4-5 years after planting. However, there are varieties that begin to bear fruit in the first year of planting, and after 12 years.

The fruits of apple-apple are different depending on the variety of culture in color and shape, and also on the taste of pulp. By the size of apples are large and small, in shape - round, oval, conical and others. Color - from green to bright red.

The structure of the apple

If you look at the apple in a section, you can see its internal structure. Outside, the fruit is covered with a skin that protects the fruit from the penetration of pathogens into it and from liquid loss. Also, the peel takes part in the gas exchange process.

In the center of the apple are the seed chambers - reservoirs for storing sunflower seeds.

Between the skin and the seed chambers is the pulp of the fruit - the one that is used for food. Its color, consistency and taste are a sort of attribute. There are fruits with greenish flesh, white, yellowish, with pink patches. By consistency - dryish, loose, or juicy and strong. When the fetus ripens, the flesh becomes granular and dry. Pulp is a very valuable and useful product, containing a lot of vitamins and fiber, which contributes to good digestion.

Also, when examining the apple in the longitudinal section, you can see a depression, the so-called funnel. From it comes the stalk, with which the apple is attached to a branch. On the opposite side of the fruit, too, there is a small depression containing the sepals. Deepening is called - cup fossa, and sepals in it five.

The structure of the apple seed

The apple seed is dicotyledonous and consists of two cotyledons. The structure of apple seeds is approximately the same as in all dicotyledonous plants.

What does the apple seed consist of? How are apple seeds made? If you represent the structure of apple seeds schematically, it consists of the root of the embryo, above it is the primary kidney. Outside the seed is covered with a seed coat. The main weight of the seed is occupied by cotyledons, covered with a thin film - endosperm. Its function in apple trees is to regulate the flow of fluid into the fetus.

In addition to the above organs, the structure of apple seeds includes a vascular bundle, chalaz and micropyle.

Useful properties of apple seed

The main function of apple semen is reproduction, but for man it is of use as a source of many trace elements necessary for health.

While there is no single point of view, is it useful to eat apple seeds.

Among the useful qualities of seeds, it can be called that they are rich in natural iodine, which is easily absorbed by man. In addition to iodine, apple seeds contain vitamin B17, used for the prevention of cancer. Shredded seeds are used for cosmetic purposes in the manufacture of masks and facial scrubs - they have a rejuvenating effect.

There is also a direction of oriental medicine, which consists in applying apple seeds to certain places on the hands or on the feet, in order to favorably affect the internal organs.

As for the harmful properties of apple semen, it should be remembered that it contains the amygdalin glycoside. If you get into the stomach from this compound a strong poison - hydrocyanic acid is formed. Therefore, when eating apple seeds in large quantities can be poisoned.

Is it possible to grow an apple from a seed?

Yablon can be obtained either from a cut or kidney, or grown from a seed. The apple tree, germinated from the seed, begins to bear fruit after a sufficiently long period of time, occupying approximately 10-12 years. There is an opinion that from seeds it is possible to grow only so-called "wild" with small, sour fruits, but it is not so. It is an interesting fact that apple seeds with different properties and fruits are obtained from the seeds of one apple, like children from the same family - from one parent, but all are different. The best specimens can give rise to new varieties, which can be reproduced with the help of cuttings.

How to germinate an apple seed?

First you need to make sure that the apples from which the seed will be extracted are not imported from hot countries, otherwise the plants will freeze in winter. It is desirable that these be fruits from local trees. Then you need to select the ripe apples, extract the seeds and put them in a warm liquid for a few days.

The next step depends on the soil and conditions under which these apple trees grow. If the climate is frosty, winters are harsh, then sprouted seeds should be planted directly into the ground. Due to this, the root system will go deep into the earth and will not freeze. But there is an important condition - groundwater must be deep. If it is supposed to plant trees in the marshy land, then the seeds must first be grown in pots. When transplanting seedlings into the open ground, the root system will be slightly damaged and will not grow deep into the earth. This will not allow the plant to rot.