The insidiousness of the orthogram "n" and "nn" in the sacraments

As the practice of teaching the Russian language shows , the orthogram "n" and "nn" in participles is one of the most complex. It is clear that for the application of almost any spelling rule, one must rely on the knowledge of morphology - a science that studies the belonging of words to one or another part of speech. But it is especially in spelling "n" and "nn" in participles that the distinction of parts of speech is particularly important.

This is explained very simply: the adjectives and participles answer the same questions, but obey different rules when choosing the number "n" in the suffix. Therefore, before learning the orphogram, you first need to make sure that students distinguish these two parts of speech from each other.

The adjective serves to determine the independent feature of the subject, and the sign signified by the participle has a verb stem. The kinship and similarity of adjectives with participles leads to the fact that students who even know by heart the rule of "n" and "nn" in participles and verbal adjectives make many mistakes.

The algorithm that can be used to separate passive participles from adjectives is simple enough. If we have an adjective in front of us, then the next of kin is a noun. The choice between "н" and "нн" in the suffix rises in the adjective adjectives. To connect them with actions expressed by verbs, it is impossible:

Sandy (sand) shallow, clay (clay) dishes.

Communion can also be turned into a verb from which it, in fact, arose:

Cultivated (grown) tomatoes, painted (painted) walls, turned off (off) the device.

Another difficulty of the orthogram "n" and "nn" with participles is the presence in the language of the so-called verbal adjectives. They, according to this algorithm, are considered to be participles, which leads to spelling errors.

The verbal adjectives, indeed, are very similar to the passive. The difference between them is in the species affiliation of the verb from which they originate. The verbal adjectives lack a prefix, because they are formed from imperfective verbs :

Chiseled (sharpen - nesov.v.) Pencil, worn (to wear - nesov.v.) Clothing, knitted (knit) mittens.

As you can see from the examples, by default in such words one "n" is written.

In participles usually there are prefixes - an inheritance from parents, namely verbs of the perfect kind:

Tied up (tie - sov.v.) knots, soaked (soak - sov.v.) apples.

But the tricks of the orthogram "n" and "nn" in the sacraments did not end there. The verbal adjectives easily turn into passive participles, if they acquire a dependent word:

Knitted (by whom?) Grandmother, fried (on what?) In a frying pan, broken (how?) Zigzag lines.

Just like in other rules, the spelling of "n" and "nn" in participles and adjectives is worth remembering a number of exceptions. For example, words that have "on" or "yevannyi" (except adjectives "forged" and "zhevany") are always written with a double "n". Interest is caused by the word "wounded", which is derived from the verb of the perfect species, but which is attributed to verbal adjectives.

As soon as students learn to accurately determine the part of speech, the application of this rule will cease to cause difficulties.