The grammatical form is an external linguistic expression of grammatical meaning. Types and features of grammatical forms

All words in the Russian language in one way or another obey the rules and concepts associated with it. One such concept is the grammatical form. Each of us, starting to learn the Russian language, necessarily encounters the rule in question.

The grammatical form of a word is characterized by the presence of several definitions. In particular, the definition is of wide meaning or narrower. Considering the concept in the narrow sense, it can be argued that the grammatical form is the designation of the word form or the special state of the word, its form. And at the same time, in a broader sense, the word form in Russian is a lexically identical state of identical expressions.

Word forms can differ in grammatical meanings (machine-machine, grandmother-grandmother, etc.). However, they are not considered separate lexemes (new words). And vice versa. It is believed that they form one of the paradigms of the great and mighty, the essence of which lies in the fact that the examples given are the word forms of one lexeme. The formal unity of the lexeme lies in the unity of the inflectional basis of its word forms. Although in practice, you can face exceptions in the form of phonetic and morphological "doublets" (galoshes - galoshes, read - read). But here it is important to remember that lexical and grammatical meanings do not exist separately, but constantly interact.

Paradigm

A paradigm is a system that reflects the modification of the same word under the influence of grammatical categories. There are four main types of paradigm:

• Morphological with an invariable part, which is called the root;
• Lexical (homonyms, synonyms, antonyms and so on);
• Word formation - the system of the formation of words from one basis;
• Syntactical - a group of structures of different structures expressing new syntactic meanings.

Language tools

And the grammatical form is a kind of language tools, through which the meaning of words is built. Instruments, considering as a semantic medium, can be expressed using special forms: suffixes, affixes, endings, stress, prefixes.

Thus, the genus, case and number of nouns, adjectives, participles and pronouns can be designated. The suffixes, in turn, are designed to reflect the form of the verb in the past tense, the form of participles and gerunds. The stress shows the gender, the number of nouns, the forms of the verb forms. Prepositions are needed to denote cases of nouns, numerals and pronouns.

Variationality

If we talk about grammatical form in the narrow sense, then in this case we are talking about the variability of words. By this in the Russian language it is customary to understand the differences in the changed words, but only in details (endings, individual words, etc.). For example, tea - tea, if only. Either words duplicate each other semantically: cakes - cakes (different emphasis), accountants - accountants, in the shop - in the shop.

Units of speech

If we combine concepts, then the grammatical form is the union of the grammatical meaning with the means of its expression. The grammatical form can reflect several values at once.

How to build a house of bricks, and from words a speech is formed. They have their own phonetic structure and grammatical meaning. Sometimes they are pronounced identically, but they have completely different meanings.

The grammatical meaning of a word is averaged concepts inherent in all words, not related to the specific lexical meanings of these words. That is, it is an abstract, generalized understanding of words.

The grammatical form is, as already noted a little bit higher, the concept of a broad and voluminous one. The categorical difference of a word can vary by case. For example, Madagascar, Madagascar, Madagascar. In the next case, a change in the category of time is considered. For example, go, go, go. Next, we are talking about a change in the category of a person. For example, it blossomed, blossomed, blossomed. Also in the Russian language, changes in the grammatical form of a word according to the category of inclination are permissible. For example, worked, worked, worked.

The grammatical meaning of words has a different degree of abstraction. Thus, nouns can have differences by case. However, here again there are exceptions, since not any noun can change the form by birth. For example, you can say an altruist - an altruist, a mountain climber - an alpinist, a teacher - a teacher, an actor - an actress. But the words director, professor, conductor, musician are always the only (male) kind. In this cases, the exceptions considered have, like all other words.

Grammatical content

The grammatical form is a strictly defined grammatical content peculiar only to this word. What is meant by this? For example, the word "restored" denotes a verb in the past form, an action with respect to a masculine noun. The meaning of the word is conveyed by language tools. To write the wordform "window sill" in the instrumental singular, we must use the ending -om.

A grammatical form of the verb The only number of the present time "I paint", is transformed with the help of the ending -y. Another example: the verb "risk" with the end -at, indicates the verb of the imperfect species, and the noun "machine" with the help of the ending -a indicates that this word is necessarily feminine, and has a single number.

Words indicating actions

The grammatical form of the verb in the Russian language is characterized by six categories: pledge, inclination, number, time, person, gender. In addition, the language uses three kinds of moods:

• Imperative (eat, go, throw), that is, this will;
• The indicative, committed act in the current time, permissible, both in the present and in the planned one (We are repairing it, it will come tomorrow.) The journalists did not find anyone;
• The subjunctive denotes the desired action, which is quite possible and permissible (that she would have called.) I could have stayed at home.

The category of the verb is expressed by certain language tools. Example: "hear - heard, watered - watered".

Only past verbs have a designation. Here the grammatical form of a word, for example, is strictly defined endings. For males, it is absent. For female-a, and for middle-class - -o. For example, he ran, ran, ran.

Basis of the basics

The basis of grammatical forms are the linguistic signs necessary to denote the grammatical meaning of the word. Grammatical forms are divided into word-formative and inflectional. Forms are lexical and grammatical. But in no case should we confuse related words with grammatical forms of words. These are different things.

Related words are united by a common root, but still these are different words! Home, home, homeless, homely. If we talk about the correct grammatical form of the word "house", then it will be, for example, at home, at home, at home, at home.

Forms with complexity

Grammatical forms differ in complex and simple. As a rule, grammatical forms are created with the help of linguistic signs - affixes, endings. Or they are stable in certain variants repetitive language tools. For example, the diminutive form is indicated by suffixes -ok, -ek, -points. For example, a pot, a son, a granddaughter, a flower.

Creating and converting words is a complex and complex process. The paradigms of some words are considered complex. Such grammatical forms, as in the study of the language, and in practice, are found quite often. For example, the case paradigm of a noun is a symbiosis of case words of the singular and plural. A complete paradigm consists of at least five private paradigms.

Wrote differently than heard

It is worth knowing some features of grammatical forms . The letter "g" sounds like "in" in the genitive endings of the masculine and middle-class adjectives and pronouns. For example, my, spicy, strong, fast. Or - total, today. In a conventional conversation, some numerals are pronounced differently than they are written. For example, one thousand (thousand), sixty (shisyat), fifty (peisyat).

There are also special forms of words beginning with two-, two-, or two-. We must remember how to write correctly: two-headed, two-horned, couplet, two-yearly, two-volume, two-humped, two-volume, two-armed, two-croat. It is also necessary to remember the correctness of pronunciation of such words as paid, paid, paid. And not crooked, reserved, interchanged.

Different shapes

In Russian there are the following types of grammatical forms:

• Syntactic. The syntactic word form was formed back in antiquity. It is characterized not by one, but by several ways of word formation, taking into account the great variety of sound and spelling of words. Often synthetic forms of words are used in the artistic style, as they are considered more poetic, with a vivid image. The least used in scientific language. Sometimes, transforming according to all the rules of the Russian language, words of a syntactic form acquire a cacophonous or difficult-to-pronounce state, or extremely long words are obtained .
• Morphological. They, in turn, are divided into lexical-grammatical and inflectional forms.

The features of grammatical categories directly depend on which part of the speech they are referring to. So, for example, only the change in cases is inherent in the numerals. Comparative degree have adjectives, adverbs and words meaning states. Virtually all categories of verbs are present. Pronouns are exclusively gender, number and case.

Generalization

According to the rules of our rather complex language, the grammatical structure of speech is based, first of all, on certain laws and rules for the formation and transformation of words. To know these rules, it is necessary to study morphology, that is, everything that has to do with the paradigm of words, to know the abstract meanings of words. After all, the word is the basic unit of grammar. It combines the sound component, lexical meaning and formal grammatical features. And the grammatical form is nothing but a linguistic sign that combines the material side and the abstract meaning. A semantic form is the grammatical meaning.