Posting on fixed assets. Basic accounting entries for property, plant and equipment

Non-current assets of the enterprise play an important role in the production cycle, they are associated with logistical processes, trade, provision of services and the conduct of many types of work. This type of assets allows the organization to receive income, but for this it is necessary to carefully analyze the composition, structure, cost of each object. Permanent monitoring is carried out on the basis of accounting data, which must be reliable and correct. The main postings for fixed assets are typical, but in the course of work, abnormal situations may arise.

Fixed assets

Assets of the organization have a different cycle of turnover, i.e., the process of transferring their value to the price of the output. Non-current fixed assets are classified as low-liquid, they are characterized by the following indicators:

1. High initial price.
2. Participation in several production cycles while maintaining the initial physical form.
3. A phased transfer of the price to the cost of production with the help of depreciation payments.

Accounting posting on fixed assets must be correctly drawn up, taking into account the type of asset, the period of its operation, the purpose of use. For account active accounts 08, 01 and passive 02 for depreciation charges are used. The fixed assets are subdivided into the following groups: constructions, machinery, computers, equipment, livestock, vehicles, plantings (perennial), buildings, tools. The posting by the bookkeeper of fixed assets necessarily contains the total value. At the same time the asset has several values: initial, residual and recovery. All business transactions (movements) of the asset are accompanied by a corresponding entry in the accounting registers, that is, corresponding correspondence is drawn up. The main non-current assets are reflected in the active part of the balance sheet, section No. 1.

Depreciation

Everyone, including a conservation object, a fixed asset has a service life limit that depends on the purpose, terms of use and group of assets. In the process of functioning, each unit is exposed to wear, which can be moral (obsolescence) or physical (complete resource development, de-aggregation, destruction). Depreciation of fixed assets (posting on 02 account) begins to accrue from the moment of its registration on a monthly basis, equal (with a linear chart) shares during the entire period of operation. Calculated as a percentage of the original value (price + refining costs or revaluation data) of the value of the object, taking into account the period of operation. Depreciation is accounted for on the passive account, No.02, and refers to the costs of the unit in which the unit is used. Accrued depreciation of fixed assets, postings are reflected by the following entries in the accounting registers: Д ^т 20, 44, 25, 26, 29, 23, 97, 91; К ^т 02 depreciation of fixed assets is calculated for the objects used in the main, auxiliary, additional production, leased. Accumulated over the period of work, depreciation amounts are deducted from the original value and give a residual price at which the object can be sold, decommissioned, disassembled. At the same time, posting on fixed assets that are subject to disposal: Д ^т 02; К ^т №01 / sub-account.

Receipt

Non-current production and general economic assets are acquired at the expense of large capital investments, which can be own, borrowed, investment. The source of income can be:

1. Acquisition from suppliers.
2. Fee of founders.
3. Add to cart (donation) transfer.
4. Erection (construction).
5. Acquisition under the barter agreement.

Each operation is accompanied by the regulated documents of the unified form and the corresponding accounting entry (posting) is made. For fixed assets requiring additional refinement, installation and preparation for operation, based on calculations and certificates, the initial cost is formed, which includes all relevant costs. The transfer of the fixed asset, the posting and the relevant documents are processed in accordance with the contract, when the money is transferred to the supplier's account or upon the installation of the facility.

Purchase

In the process of acquiring an object of non-current assets, its value is reflected in account 08 until it is put into operation. In parallel, the accounts payable to the supplier and the tax liabilities arising from the transaction are reflected. When buying an asset without additional revision and a one-time transfer to operation, the accounting department prepares the following correspondence:

• Д ^т №08 / с; K ^t 76 or 60; For the amount owed to the counterparty and the organizations that carried out the delivery, packing;
• Dt 19 / sub-account; K ^t 60, 76; On the value of the VAT;
• Д ^т №01 / sub-account; К ^т №08 / sub-account; For the amount of the initial value at which the object is recorded and reflected in the balance sheet;
• Dt 76, 60; K ^t 51, 71, 55, 52, 50; Paid debts in cash, cashless funds, from a special account or through an accountable (authorized) person.

The main postings for fixed assets are carried out in parallel with the completion of documents for posting (inventory card, acceptance certificate).

Finalization

Many objects of fixed assets (for various purposes) have not only a high cost, but also dimensions that make it difficult to transport them and the process of preparing for work. In this case, all additional rework costs are included in the original unit cost of the unit of assets. At the same time, the process of their accumulation takes place on the account 08 in correspondence with the settlement accounts. Assembly work, assembly and preparatory cycle can be carried out by the organization of the buyer themselves, auxiliary shops, in this case, the corresponding costs will be reflected in production accounts. This process will also increase the arrears in payment for employees of the enterprise involved in it, and transfers to the relevant funds (social insurance, pension). Funds Receipt, Postings:

• Д ^т №08 / with .; К ^т 76, 60 purchase;
• Dt 19; K ^m tc. №60 or 76 for the value of the VAT;
• Д ^т №08 / с; К ^т 23, 29, 25, 20 costs for installation and completion of the purchased object;
• Д ^т №08 / with .; Kt 70 (69, 68), 10 / sub-account, accrued to employees of S / P, taxes, materials spent on preparation of OPF;
• Д ^т №08 / with .; K ^t 68; On the work performed in the contracts of the contract (own funds) VAT.

Or:

• Д ^т №08 / with .; K ^m tc. No. 76, 60 installation costs rendered by third parties increase the price of the facility;
• Д ^т №01 / sub-account; К ^т №08 / the subaccount the object of non-current assets was initialized at the initial cost. Payment to suppliers is carried out at the expense of non-cash or cash, when refined by own forces, expenses are included in the cost of manufactured products in proportion to a certain indicator.

The transfer, contribution to the UK

Upon receipt of a certain unit of OPF from the company's founders or by donation, it is necessary to evaluate the object. In order to determine the cost, it is better to involve an independent specialist, since if a 5-fold SMIC is exceeded, a free transfer can be recognized as invalid. In both cases, the asset may require completion or installation, then the typical operations are recorded in the following order:

1. Gift (receipt) of the fixed asset, posting:

• Д ^т №08 / with .; K ^t 98/2 estimated value of the object of PF;
• Д ^т №01 / sub-account; Kt No. 08 / s; The fixed asset is capitalized. The cost of the asset is included in the cost of all the costs of preparation for operation.

2. Non-current assets are received from the founders as a contribution to the authorized (reserve) fund of the enterprise. Their price at the initial stage is defined as the cost + work to bring the object. Funds Receipt, Postings:

• Д ^т №08 / with .; К ^т 75 are accepted from founders;
• Д ^т №08 / with .; K ^m tc. №76, 60 installation, installation, completion by third-party organizations;
• Dt 19; K ^t 60 or 76; VAT;
• Д ^т №01 / sub-account; К ^т №08 / subaccount posting of object ОС. The process of bringing the asset to the working state can be done by the organization's own auxiliary services.

Withdrawal

The composition and structure of the objects of the main production assets must correspond to the production needs of the enterprise. When analyzing the coefficient of return on assets, objects that are idle for a long time or are in a state of conservation are identified. Such units of equipment the organization can sell, write off, dismantle, or under a contract of barter carry out the transfer of a fixed asset. Postings in these cases should reflect the financial result from the movement of the asset. A mandatory condition for all processes is the determination of the residual value of a unit of PF. To calculate it, the amount of depreciation accumulated over the period of operation is used, which is reflected by the account number K02. The main postings on fixed assets prepared for retirement involve the writing-off of depreciation and the closure of the account for a specific unit of equipment, transport, etc.

Implementation

The sale of the main non-current asset is accompanied by the completion of the relevant accounting registers. First of all, a contract is drawn up, which reflects the value (agreed price) of the sold unit of the OPF. Further, the accounting department prepares an inventory card, on the basis of which the fixed asset is written off.

Postings must reflect the fact of retirement, the transfer act (unified form) of the object is made taking into account the contractual value. Realization (disposal) of fixed assets, posting:

• Dt 76, 62, 79; К ^т 91/1 billed the buyer of the asset;
• Д ^т №01 / sub-account of retirement; К ^т №01 / sub-account the initial cost of the object is written off;
• Dt 02 / analytical account; К ^т №01 / sub-account of retirement; Depreciation of fixed assets, posting is made for each unit of accounting separately;
• Д ^т 91/2; К ^т №01 / sub-account of retirement; The residual value of an asset unit is written off (determined);
• Dt 83; K ^t 84; The revaluation of the OS is written off;
• Д ^т 91/2; K ^t 23, 25, 29, 70, 69, 10; The cost of preparing the facility for implementation;
• Д ^т 91/2; K ^t 68 / sub-account; VAT;
• Dt 51, 55, 50, 52 (when calculating in foreign currency); K ^t 62, 76; Received funds from the buyer object OS.

Broadcast

In the case of a gratuitous transfer of an asset to a subsidiary or by mutual agreement of companies, the entries are made in a similar manner. An exception is the fact of invoicing and crediting of funds from the buyer, since in this case there is no such party to the contract. The procedure for determining the value at the end of the period of operation and writing off depreciation is standard for all disposals of non-current assets. The inventory card of the object is closed, the corresponding analytical account is liquidated in the accounting.

Write-off

A non-current asset in the process of work wears out, i.e. loses some of its technical characteristics or becomes obsolete. In this case, a unit of equipment or transport is difficult to implement, so companies often write it off the balance sheet or sent for dismantling. When disassembling an object parts, spare parts must be valued and credited as part of current assets (account 10 / sub-account). Accounting compiles an act on the basis of which the write-off of the fixed asset is made. Postings are reflected in the sequence:

• Д ^т №01 / sub-account of retirement; К ^т №01 / sub-account; Balance (initial) cost is written off;
• Dt 02 / analytical account; К ^т №01 / sub-account of retirement; Accrued depreciation is written off;
• Д ^т 91/2; К ^т №01 / sub-account of retirement; To the residual value;
• Dt 83; K ^t 84; Revaluation;
• Д ^т 91/2; K ^t 26, 29, 70, 69, 10; Costs for dismantling;
• Dt 12, 10 / sub-account; K ^t 91/1; Spare parts, expendable consumables and spare parts obtained during the dismantling of the OPF unit are consumed.

The write-off of a unit of production assets is made if it is lost. This can happen through the fault of the responsible person, as a result of a natural disaster. In the event that the guilty person is aware, the compensation of the damage estimated by the competent persons shall be made at his or her expense at a time or in stages, within a specified time interval. In case of complete or partial destruction of the OS object as a result of insurmountable (force majeure) circumstances, the company-owner can claim insurance payments if there is an agreement on compensation for damage. Accounting with the help of standard operations draws out the retirement of fixed assets. Postings that are compiled in the future depend on the source of compensation. With insurance compensation:

• Dt 76 / sub-account; К ^т №01 / sub-account; The cost of the insured property is reflected;
• Dt 55, 51, 52, 50; K ^t 76 / sub-account; Received insurance benefits;
• Dt.99; K ^t 76/1; Uncompensated costs are written off. When assigning a loss to the guilty person, accounting entries are made in the appropriate registers:
• Dt 94; К ^т №01 / sub-account; Reflects the shortage, damage to the object OF;
• Dt 73 / sub-account; K ^t 94; Costs are written off to the guilty person;
• Dt 50, 70, 51; К ^т 73 / sub-account; Compensation of costs by cash payment, to a settlement account or debt repayment at the expense of wages.

Automation

Postings for accounting for movement of non-current assets are typical. In the conditions of automation of all types of accounting by installing and configuring the corresponding software, the accountant's task is greatly simplified. The document circulation is reduced and the analysis efficiency is increased. Input of data is made by filling in the corresponding document in the program, which allows automatic filling of all interdependent accounting registers for a specific object. Time of registration of acts, inventory cards, analytical transcripts is significantly reduced. Automation of the process of correspondence between accounts (accounting entries). Fixed assets, working capital, capital, loans are accounted for in accordance with the program settings, on the basis of input data and existing laws.