Post-non-classical science and its place in the philosophy of science

The middle of the twentieth century became the defining epoch for the scientific potential of mankind. There is a need to define the functions of science in social and cultural aspects, as well as the consequences to which progress in science and technology has led. This led to a reorientation of the philosophy of science, and also to the fact that a phenomenon such as post-nonclassical science began to form. The philosophical and philosophical views and original ideas about various types of epistemological and scientific activity, characteristic for the post-war period, had a huge influence on its appearance. Both the subject matter and the conceptual apparatus of this particular direction evolved simultaneously with the development of the philosophy of science, and are an object of philosophical interest and analysis.

At the end of the XIX century, the classical model of science developed the principles of bringing gnoseological activity in accordance with the methodological ideal, resulting in a certain standardization of scientific knowledge, as well as the emergence of models of mathematical logic, which made it possible to clarify the structural features of scientific knowledge. At the same time, it turned out that the development of this knowledge is associated with crisis phenomena, and that the claims of classical science to finding absolute knowledge did not take into account the existence of so-called subjective knowledge, various types of rationality and dynamic processes. Thus began the stage, which began to bear the appropriate name: post-classical science.

Nevertheless, attempts to build a unified science continued on the basis of the language of physics and mathematics. At the end of the 1960s, these normativistic logico-mathematical programs of neo-positivism caused such great disappointment that in the community there were doubts that any sort of regulation of the epistemological process was possible at all. This was facilitated by post-nonclassical philosophy, such as poststructuralism and postpositivism, which advanced the idea that the methodology of positivism should be replaced by a pluralism of methodological concepts that criticize each other and thus approach truth. Among such theories are the theory of falsification of Karl Popper, the concept of Kuhn's scientific revolutions, the methodology of Lakatos research programs, the idea of Polanyi's implicit knowledge, and many others.

Postnonclassical science has its own characteristics. First of all, it is characterized by the already mentioned idea of the relativity of the norms of cognition in science and related practice. In addition, within the framework of this model of science criticism of the so-called scientific fundamentalism is heard, which tries to fundamentally reduce all available knowledge to certain basic types of it. In epistemology and methodology it is assumed that at the same time different competing theories and "pictures of the world" can coexist, as well as rivalry between different programs. At the same time, emphasis is placed on the variety of relations between different theories and their groups, even those that mutually exclude each other, including competition, addition, criticism, and so on. At the same time, the leading topic is the need to get along with opponents and opponents and regulate conflicts peacefully, by consensus - not only in the scientific but also in the social environment.

One of the key concepts that post-nonclassical science operates on is the paradigm. It denotes the integrity of the beliefs, means and values adopted in the scientific community and ensuring the continuity of a certain tradition. We can say that the paradigm is a phenomenon that brings together those who are ranked among the scientific community. It also determines the range of problems that they deal with. When a paradigm changes, a scientific revolution takes place and a complete or partial transformation of the world picture, which science draws, although it is dictated not only by logical, but by value considerations.

Postnonclassical science is also characterized by the presence of synergetics. This is an interdisciplinary complex of various studies that are engaged in the search for general principles for the physical, chemical, biological, economic, social and other systems and their self-organization. Synergetics also assumes the concept of chaos as a supercomplex ordering, which is always potentially ready to manifest itself in a variety of ordered structures. This means abandoning the picture of the world, built from the elementary particles, like blocks , in favor of the world as a set of processes.