Outstanding architectural monuments of St. Petersburg: list, description, photo

Outstanding in terms of expressiveness is the complex - architectural monuments of St. Petersburg, constituting an exceptional feature of the historical center of the city, despite the fact that it was the youngest capital of the world. St. Petersburg is distinguished for its well-thought-out regularity of the overall development, amazing proportionality of all urban ensembles and harmoniousness in the style of polyphony with a very discreet natural environment. That is why architectural monuments of St. Petersburg are valuable for world art.

Styles and Wizards

Buildings in the city number up to fifteen different architectural styles, the main ones can be called baroque - Petrine and Elizabethan, classicism, Empire, eclectic, modern and constructivism. Italian baroque - the heyday of absolutism - from the 16th to the 18th century. Here the complex curvilinearity, dynamics, splendor and whimsicality triumph. Architectural monuments of St. Petersburg represent this style is very diverse.

Before Peter the Great, architecture in Russia was called "Russian Uzoroch" and was most often embodied with the Byzantine tradition in temple construction. Russian Baroque - the fusion of these two styles. However, both the Moscow and the Petrine Baroque differ not only from each other, but also to a greater extent - from the West European. If you compare the architectural monuments of St. Petersburg of the Petrine era with the center of any ancient Italian or French city, you can personally see it.

Petrovsky Baroque

Tsar Peter the Great willingly invited architects from the West, and as a result of the German-Dutch-Italian-French joint creativity the phenomenon of this Petersburg style arose. There was a Northern War, residential buildings were not built almost completely, entirely of wood in a hurry.

But even then there were constructions that our contemporaries know: shipyard, port, fortress - with a simple, laconic, rational and restrained architecture created under the significant influence of the Dutch and Germans.

There were no stucco moldings, porticoes and colonnades, but the facades often had pediments, volutes, pilasters, and roofs - spiers, which emphasized all the verticals and horizontals. Inside the building they were most often planned with an enfilade. Already at that time flushing toilets and plumbing were arranged in the buildings.

Examples

The temple and fortification architecture was simple, but graceful: the bell tower of the Peter and Paul Cathedral, St. Panteleimon's Cathedral, the Peter and Paul Fortress with its Petrovsky Gates, the Summer Palace of Peter the Great, the Menshikov Palace, the Twelve Colleges, the Kikiny Chamber, the Kunstkammer, the Alexander Nevsky Lavra, the Italian Palace in Kronstadt . Architects of the time: M.G. Zemtsov, D. Trezzini, A. Schlüter, J.-B. Leblon, G. Mattarnovi, J.M. Fontana.

Elizaveta Petrovna

The daughter of Peter the Great was far from his father's building aspirations, but her entire epoch applied the ideas of the West-European baroque in its purer form, as the empire under her hand hung into splendor, splendor and grandeur. Architectural monuments of St. Petersburg of the 18th century most clearly characterize the general style of the city. Large cathedrals, temples, manors, palaces were built-more and more decorative and picturesque, with wide front staircases inside, with double-light rooms and enfilades.

The interiors of that time were fantastically bizarre, with an abundance of modeling, carved ornaments, with a patterned parquet and mirrors. Enhanced baroque colors were combined with order inserts. The construction of five-domed churches was resumed, the traditions of carved gilded iconostases and Russian temple decorations were restored according to the Byzantine canons. And now visitors can join the splendor of the style, which stores the architectural monuments of St. Petersburg.

Briefly about masters and buildings

This era is crowned, of course, by B. Rastrelli, but the series was also created by F.S. Argunov, and S.I. Chevakinsky, and A.V. Kvasov, as well as P. Trezzini and A.F. Whist. Twenty years before 1760 in the style of Elizabethan baroque Anichkov, Stroganov and Vorontsov palaces, the Smolny Cathedral, the Catherine Palace in Tsarskoye Selo, the Winter Palace and the Great Peterhof, the Naval Cathedral and much more were built.

Catherine the Great

The next twenty years the St. Petersburg building went under the sign of enlightened absolutism and in the style of early classicism. The buildings were harmoniously ordered, with the progressive development of simplicity and grandeur at the same time - as a visiting card of an immense country.

External manifestations - antique warrants, monumentality, restraint, all of these contain architectural monuments of St. Petersburg in classicist buildings. The photos with the description will help to distinguish the early classicism from its other varieties.

Buildings in the style of early classicism

The current Administrative building of the Russian State Pedagogical University on the Moika embankment is the former palace of Count Razumovsky, which was built by A.F. Kokorinov and Zh. B. Wallen-Delamot, was one of the first early-classicist buildings. In its architecture, the elements of the Corinthian and Ionic orders, bas-reliefs, arcades are seen, but the influence of baroque is still noticeable. The front yard with monumental gates and a high fence highlights the solemnity of the building.

Architectural monuments of St. Petersburg, the list of which is extremely long, are represented by other creations of these talented masters. This is the Repin Institute on the University embankment, house 17, and earlier there was the Imperial Academy of Arts; The building of St. Petersburg State University on the University embankment, house 9, earlier - the body for playing ball; The Yusupov Palace. Wallen-Delamot built the Hanging Garden and the Northern Pavilion of the Small Hermitage. Yuri Felten, a student of Rastrelli, built the School for the petty bourgeois girls, the Great Hermitage, the Armenian Church, the Lutheran churches on the Vasilievsky Island and the St. Anne's Church on Kirochnaya, 8.

Strict classicism

Completely devoid of the baroque features of the building, built after 1780, also belong to Catherine's classicism. They strictly follow the classical warrants from Vitruvius or Palladio - with rectangular symmetrical arrangements, a wide application of arcades, colonnades, gables, porticos. Interiors were decorated with copies of antique sculptures and many elements of ancient civilizations.

The pioneer of this Petersburg style was C. Cameron, at the same time created V.I. Bazhenov, D. Kvarnega, I.E. Starov, N.A. Lviv. In their works - harmony and compositional completeness, laconism and proportionality of forms. A striking example is the Tauride Palace.

Pavlovsky Classicism

This five-year period until 1801 presents a slightly romantic version of classic architecture, which was clearly influenced by the Gothic style. It is primarily the Chesme Palace of the architect Yu.M. Felten - triangular shape with gothic elements in the form of towers, pointed windows and toothed parapets.

Architectural monuments of St. Petersburg replenished and the southern European type of the Engineer's Castle, where pure classicism is the main and southern facades with part of the interiors. The castle looks militant, manly, heavy cornices of the northern facade reminiscent of knight helmets.

Alexandrovsky Classicism

The forerunner of the Russian Empire was Alexander Classicism, which is often identified with the Empire. Alexander the First also often invited foreign architects, especially French ones.

Therefore, the buildings of this period are distinguished by strict Doric or Tuscan orders and heavy columns. There are sphinxes and other elements of the Egyptite style. The severity of lines, majesty, monumentality of the image are preserved with simplicity and clarity of silhouette.

Examples of the first revolution of Empire

In this style, the architectural monuments of St. Petersburg are represented by the building of the Mining Institute on the Vasilievsky Island, made according to the drawings by A.N. Vorokhnin. Flutes on the Doric columns especially emphasize the style, similar to the ancient temples, in any case, the statues of Anteus, Proserpine and Hercules are present.

Even more famous creation of this master is the Kazan Cathedral. Emperor Paul, who had conceived it, wanted to repeat the Vatican's Cathedral of St. Peter, and in some details the similarity is seen: in the overall configuration, in a powerful central dome, in an elongated basilica and in the absence of a bell tower. In any case, this is a real decoration of Nevsky Prospekt.

High Classicism (late)

Most of all in this style worked Tom de Thomon: the building of the Bolshoi Theater (unfortunately, it was not preserved completely), the house of Countess Laval, the New Exchange and the complex of arrows of the Vasilievsky Island (Rostral columns too). You can see that it is the widely spaced columns of the Exchange building that add spaces and harmonize the composition with the Nevsky space. And the building itself, and the Rostral columns adorn allegorical sculptures.

In the same period, the majestic Admiralty building - the symbol of the city on the Neva - the architect A.D. Zakharova. It was completed to the previous structure, from which there remained only the central part with the famous spire of the architect IK. Korobov. The facades turned out to be diverse, but very rhythmic due to the protruding porticos and Tuscan columns (by the way, they remained ionic in the center of the column). Thus, an ensemble was formed from the Senate, Isaakievskaya and Dvortsovaya squares and the Alexander Garden. At the same time, the architect Quarenghi built the Smolny Institute - also in the style of high classicism.

Russian Empire

Signs of the Russian empire - the triumph of victory over Bonaparte: with classical order systems and the former laconicism of forms appear memorable columns, triumphal arches, architecture absorbs more and more sculptures, the buildings are decorated with eagles, laurel wreaths, armor and other militaristic symbols.

The most famous masters of this direction are V.P. Stasov and K.I. Rossi. The latter very boldly transformed the urban space by building ensembles of Palace Square with the building of the General Staff, the Senate Square with the Synod and the Senate, the Alexandrinsky Square with the theater. Architectural monuments of St. Petersburg photos will be presented much better than any description. Moreover, their huge number is simply impossible to describe in the space of one small article.