Objects of social sphere: list, classification, characteristics, purpose

Premises, structures, buildings, where people are temporarily or permanently in considerable numbers, are objects of the social sphere. They can be divided into classes and types by the way they are used. Objects of social sphere in our turbulent times should ensure the safety of the people there, including from the terrorist threat. Here it is necessary to take into account the characteristics of the contingent - age, physical condition and the like, as well as its number. Such objects of the social sphere are categorized precisely because each class and species, that is, each category, requires the creation of an appropriate level of protection, and this is determined by the specifics and scope of security, organizational, regime and other measures to fully protect them from threats; Including terrorist ones.

Categories

Criteria for classification are the following parameters, which are distinguished in practical terms from the point of view of expediency:

1. Functional features.

2. Projected consequences for the commission of a terrorist act at the site.

3. The degree of security that social facilities have.

4. Significance and concentration of cult, cultural, historical, artistic, material values, placed on this object, and the predicted consequences from criminal encroachments on these values.

5. The number of staff and citizens (visitors) on site at a time.

However, the functional attribute dominates the classification: a polyclinic is either a children's theater, a nursing home or a stadium. The first category is temporary, including 24-hour or permanent residents. Classification of social objects begins with sleeping rooms, regardless of the age of people staying there: boarding schools and children's institutions, hospitals, homes for the elderly and disabled (not apartment type), pre-school children's institutions. Next are boarding houses, motels, campsites, rest homes and sanatoriums, hostels, hotels. It is also very important protection of social facilities. This also includes residential buildings - multi-apartment. The second item of this classification is cultural, educational and entertaining institutions, the main premises of which characterize the mass stay of visitors during certain periods of time. It can be a cinema, a concert hall, a club, a circus, a children's theater and a stadium, and other sports facilities, where there is a calculated number of seating seats. This class includes both a closed type of premises and open stands. For example, an equestrian sports complex, where runs are run, and therefore accommodated for spectators. All museums, dance halls, exhibitions and similar institutions belong to this class too.

Public service

Institutions, where visitors are more than workers serving them, are of the third type. These are objects of the social sphere, the list of which is not so long. This is an outpatient clinic and polyclinic, physical fitness facilities. These also include their premises for the domestic plan, sports and training facilities (without tribunes). The fourth section of this classification includes design and scientific organizations, educational institutions, management institutions. These rooms are used only for a certain time during the day, and there is a constant contingent there, which is used to these conditions. Usually they are people of a certain physical condition and age. For example, schools and extracurricular, secondary special, vocational schools, universities, institutions for professional development. This includes the organization of design, editorial, publishing, information, research, offices, offices, banks, management institutions.

Otherwise, the same objects of the social sphere are classified by type of protection. The definition of these classes is as follows. There are objects that are subject to state protection, for others, the protection of PSBs (private security units) is mandatory, the third is protected by private security organizations, the fourth is guarded by everyone from the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation to the private sector, the OBO and similar organizations, and the fifth guardians do not have no. Such a distribution is made with a forecast of possible consequences if an act of terrorism is committed, and the main criteria are the number of victims, the amount of material damage, and the emergency zone. Everything that relates to the objects of the social sphere is classified according to these two criteria: functional and by type of protection.

Social work

The life activity of all groups and strata of the population depends primarily on the conditions that predetermine the level of development of society, the state of social care, social policy and its content, as well as the possibility of its realization. Characteristics of social facilities directly depends on all of the above, since social services are necessary for all people without exception, regardless of age, health, occupation, and so on.

The population is naturally structured, and the bases for each structure are very different. One needs a theater, and the other an equestrian sports complex. Still others have found themselves in such a difficult life situation that without a certain object of the social sphere they can not solve the problems that have arisen. This contingent needs social assistance, support, and protection. The reasons may be deviant behavior, family troubles, health, orphanhood, homelessness and the like. These people themselves become the object - but the social work of certain institutions: courts, hospitals, administrative institutions and other organizations.

Realities

In the spheres of human activity, it is possible to define another important group that requires the work of certain objects of the social sphere. First of all, this is the production infrastructure, environment, environment, and so on. The form of resettlement is also very important, since the concentration of people is extremely uneven: in a megacity, for example, even a state circus is available, and in the village the cinema did not survive.

There are also intermediate forms of settlement, where too the saturation with objects of domestic and cultural use leaves much to be desired. Many people and the rural library are unavailable, as in the whole country they are closed no less than hospitals, schools and kindergartens. Transport and improvement, located in the office of local administrative facilities of the social sphere, are almost everywhere in stagnation. But the means of communication are developing, almost everywhere there is the Internet, and therefore the rural library is not in high demand.

Infrastructure

Objects of the social sphere constitute social infrastructure in the aggregate of enterprises and industries that ensure the normal existence and vital activity of the population. This includes housing and its construction, the sphere of housing and communal services, cultural facilities, organizations and enterprises of the health care system, educational and preschool education institutions. In no way do without organizations and businesses related to leisure and recreation. This includes: public catering, retail trade, services, passenger transport, sports facilities, public services, legal and notary offices, banks and savings banks ... The list of social facilities is much longer.

The process of infrastructure development has significantly accelerated in all countries without exception with a high level of economic indicators since the second half of the twentieth century. The scientific and technological revolution required not only a sharp increase in the intellect and the quality of the workforce, but also the strengthening of health. All labor motivations changed, which served as an incentive for the development of a wide range of areas of the social sphere. Creation of a qualitatively new material basis in the field of infrastructure provided its highly efficient operation. All branches of material production underwent a scientific and technological revolution, which significantly reduced the number of people employed there, and as a result, it was possible to significantly redistribute labor from production to services, so the variety of infrastructure objects became more significant, and their number increased many times. The quality and standard of living of the population in the bulk of it increased.

Infrastructure of the economy

Classification of economic objects of social sphere consists of two areas - industrial and non-productive, that is social, which, in turn, is divided into branches and sub-sectors associated with the production process. This ensures the conditions of public and labor activity of people, their existence is enriched with services of life, culture, interpersonal and social communication. Thus, the entire social infrastructure can be divided into socio-economic, ensuring the all-round development of the human person - culture, health, education, and the household, which creates the necessary conditions for people's livelihoods - housing, utilities, retail and so on .

Statistical studies, conducted internally by the country itself, as well as by international organizations, place social infrastructure at the top of the estimates. For example, indicators such as the number of beds in hospitals, the number of doctors, teachers in primary and secondary schools. Such objects characterize not only the level of social infrastructure, but also the completely existing reality. With the help of such studies it is possible to designate a stable aggregate of all material elements that provide the conditions for rational and effective human activity in all aspects of personal and social life. This approach to the classification of social objects is somewhat general, but in comparison with others it is of great importance in practical application.

Point and linearity

Social infrastructure is divided into "point" and "linear", where the latter should be understood as networks of roads and railways, electricity and communications, and the like. The definition of the point of the infrastructure is the objects themselves, such as theaters, libraries, schools, clinics and everything else. Apply this type of classification is possible at almost all levels of social organization. The production organization has some elements of a linear infrastructure, but in general it is a point, and if we take into account the level of the economic region, then the division will be almost equal, and interacting.

This way of classification clearly defines the form of the organization of the infrastructure, without detailing its content side. Studying the problems of the region's economy, usually use the concepts of a general infrastructure, elements of inter-district value of infrastructure facilities and the like. If the focus is not on specificity, which is always inherent in social infrastructure, this division not only has the right to exist, but is also convenient enough for monitoring large areas.

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The fact that the objects of social infrastructure consist of a complex of various educational, cultural and health institutions, catering and trade enterprises, passenger transport, water supply and sanitation, financial, postal and telegraph offices, sports and recreational facilities (this includes not only sports palaces, stadiums And swimming pools, but also holiday homes, and parks with entertainment and sports programs) - in a word, an incredible number of absolutely different kinds of each other Differentiated in their functions, goals and tasks, - speaks of the impossibility of drawing up a whole picture.

The elemental characteristics of the infrastructure are similar to the usual enumerative series, where each institution, institution, organization is practically unrelated, and other activities of the population are not sufficiently taken into account. It is more convenient and much more legitimate to classify objects of social culture with respect to the levels of organization of the society in question. Since there is no universal classification method as such, the division takes place according to the tasks assigned to the analysts.

Analysis

Most often they begin with an analysis of the infrastructure of society as a whole. Practice of management uses quite widely both general and calculated indicators that characterize the level of state, security and trends in the development of each of the elements of the infrastructure. The very development of indicators provides an opportunity to study the interrelations and interactions of substantive processes of the development of society and the existing material base.

At the level of a large economic area, social infrastructure is explored in the framework of its rather closed economy, while indicators of the development of different economic units can be compared, which provides the basis for obtaining rich information on achieving, anticipating or lagging an object from others and developing a solution for Taking effective measures. Already at this level, it is necessary to introduce certain amendments to the development factor, taking into account the natural and climatic, national and other peculiarities of this region.

Administrative division

Social infrastructure is classified and applied to the administrative division - the republics, krais, regions, districts, cities, as this is also a necessary element for specifying general problems. At any of these levels, some of the fragments of the social infrastructure may be missing. If the social organization is not up to par, the set of objects of the social sphere will, naturally, be limited. The main criterion here is a quantitative one, clearly determining how satisfied the population's needs are in its daily routine. There is a necessary set of infrastructure elements, that is, a certain list of social facilities that can not be replaced by anything. None, even the most good additional dining room will not replace the missing clinic, and even if there is a club in every locality in the district, and in some places smart palaces of culture, this will not justify closed kindergartens.

The needs of a different order - higher education, certain sports, artistic creativity and the like should also be fully satisfied. Such infrastructure elements should be distributed in the territory according to the number of people living. State theaters, for example, do not open in cities where there are less than two hundred and fifty thousand inhabitants, however people should not feel themselves deprived - they necessarily serve: they either arrange trips, or the nearest theater tours, and creative amateur associations are necessarily created.