Muscles of the back. Anatomy of the musculature of the back.

Biomechanics of the human body is possible only thanks to a unique anatomical structure, both the whole body as a whole, and individual systems in particular. The muscular apparatus plays a leading role in the process of motion. For example, you can bring your back muscles. Anatomy of the spinal musculature is very complex and requires detailed study by future general surgeons, neurosurgeons, traumatologists and urologists. These experts are most often faced with such a question.

So, what are the features of the back muscles? Anatomy of the musculature of the trunk is characterized by large muscle massifs. Muscle fibers on the back have larger dimensions, compared with the head or neck, because Feel a stronger load on the movement and occupy a vast area on the human body. Neck muscles, whose anatomy is extremely difficult due to the large number of nerve plexuses and vital vascular bundles located in this area, smoothly pass into the musculature of the back and chest. Muscles of the back are divided into two main groups, differing from one another by the direction of the muscle fibers - superficial and deep.

It is believed that the first back muscles, the anatomy of which is more phylogenetically related to the structure of the muscles of the limbs, are the muscles that have moved in the process of development from the upper shoulder girdle. Deep spinal muscles, as is commonly believed, develop from intrauterine muscular folds, or myotomes, in this region. They preserved in a partial form a segmental structure. The principle of the distribution of deep muscles is the formation by these structures of several muscle layers. At the same time, the deeper the muscle is, the shorter it will be.

To the superficial spinal musculature include the following types of muscles:

- trapezius muscle , or musculus trapezius, which starts from the bone skeleton of the spinous processes of the entire row of thoracic vertebrae. Its function is the movement of the shoulder blades and extension of the head.

- the widest back muscle that occupies the whole of its lower region. M. latissimus dorsi, as a rule, starts from the lower 5 thoracic vertebrae, as well as all the lumbar and sacral vertebral spinous processes, four pairs of lower ribs and both crests of the iliac bones. Function: lowering of the raised hand and rotation of the shoulder inward.

- a rhomboid muscle . It lies immediately under the trapezoidal. Function m. Rhomboideus is also associated with the displacement of the scapula.

- The muscle that lifts the scapula . This muscle arises from the processes of already cervical vertebrae, ending on the scapula, in its upper corner. M. levator scapulae, responding to its name, carries out the lifting of the scapula.

- Back and bottom jagged muscles . These muscles are antagonists. If the first of them (meaning m. Serratus posterior superior) lifts the ribs, the latter (m. Serratus anterior inferior), on the contrary, omits them.

Speaking of the deep muscles of the back, it should be noted that they consist of separate groups of long and short muscles that are located along the entire long spinal column. This is from the occipital bone of the head and to the sacral region. Deep spinal musculature include:

- The muscle that straightens the trunk . It is located in the region of the sacrum and the crests of both ileal bones, from which it originates, goes straight up and ends at the occipital bone. Its function is related to the straightening and bending of the torso, as well as its lateral inclinations. M. erector trunci has three portions, from the reduction of which the character of the movements will depend.

- Transverse-awned muscle , or m. Transversospinalis is a complex consisting of small and short muscle fibers. These back muscles, the anatomy of which at first glance seem chaotic, go in an oblique direction from the processes of the vertebrae and help in the extension of the back and trunk.

- belt muscle . It carries out head turns and extension of the cervical region.

Lumbar muscles, in fact, do not belong to the spinal muscles proper. They are anatomically related to the pelvic girdle musculature.