Mongolia During the Revolution

A powerful impetus to the national liberation movement in Mongolia was given by the 1905 revolution in Russia. One after another, revolts broke out in various parts of Mongolia against colonial and social oppression, the largest of which was the movement led by Aratus Ayushi. The insurgents put forward a program on which one can judge the undoubted growth of the political consciousness of the Arat masses.

Under the influence of the revolutionary wave in China, which swept away the Qing dynasty, a broad national liberation movement developed in Mongolia in 1911-1912, as a result of which Mongolia overthrew more than two centuries of the Manchu yoke and restored national statehood. The main driving force in it was aratstvo, but due to the immaturity and fragmentation of the struggle of the Arat masses, the feudal lords, who seized the leadership in their own hands, played a very active role in it. As a result, a feudal-theocratic clique came to power, proclaiming the leader of the Lamaist church in Urga, Bogdo-gegen, the khan of the new Mongolian state.

However, sharing the destiny of small nations in the epoch of imperialism's undivided domination, Mongolia was not able to achieve complete liberation from national oppression and the restoration of its state sovereignty. The government of the Bogdo-ge-gen appealed to the governments of China, Russia, Britain, France, the United States and other states with a proposal to establish diplomatic relations. But none of these countries considered it possible to recognize the state sovereignty of Mongolia.

The bourgeois-landlord government of China, headed by Yuan Shikai, also refused to recognize the separation of Mongolia from China. After lengthy negotiations between tsarist Russia, the Republic of China and Mongolia, a conference was held in Kyakhta in 1915, at which the so-called tripartite agreement, imposed on the Mongolian side, was signed. Under the agreement, Outer Mongolia received autonomy under the suzerainty of China, and Inner Mongolia was included in the Chinese Republic. Mongolia during the revolution ...

The victory of the Great October Socialist Revolution opened a new page in the history of Mongolia. The fact that the Soviet state, from the very first days of its existence, decisively and forever put an end to the colonialist policy of tsarism towards Mongolia, overwhelmed all the enslaving treaties and agreements imposed by the tsarist diplomacy on the government of Mongolia, all the secret treaties of tsarist Russia with Japan and China relating to Mongolia, Mongolia canceled debts on loans of tsarist Russia, to recognize the legitimate right of the Mongolian people to national independence and gosudars Gov. sovereignty and announced its readiness to establish relations with Mongolia, based on full equality. However, the ruling circles of Mongolia hostilely welcomed the birth of Soviet power in Russia.

Mongolia during the Revolution