Ivan Pushchin: biography, creativity. Works by Ivan Puschina

Pushchin Ivan Ivanovich, whose biography will be presented in this article, was a Decembrist, a writer of memories, a collegiate assessor and a judge of the court in Moscow. But most know him as the closest comrade of Pushkin.

Childhood Ivan Ivanovich Pushchin

The hero of this article was born in Maryino (Moscow province) in 1798. The boy's father was a senator and Lieutenant-General Ivan Petrovich, and his mother's name was Aleksandra Mikhailovna. In 1811, Grandfather took the future Decembrist to the Tsarskoe Selo Lyceum for education. Of course, this is not quite what Pushkin Ivan Ivanovich wanted. Biography in the Lyceum was marked by the main event - an acquaintance with Pushkin. It took place on one of the exams, and later developed into a warm friendship. Even closer proximity was facilitated by the close arrangement of their rooms. Pushkin and Pushchin also studied in the same circle. Despite this, friends disagreed on many issues. Not once did they have disagreements over certain things and people.

Leaving for the army

A year before graduation, Pushchina addressed the director of the Lyceum himself and asked about the availability of pupils who want to go to military service. There were ten such people, including Ivan. A couple of times a week, General Levashev and Colonel Knabenau were engaged in military exercises with them in the Hussar arena. Graduation exams "crept up" unnoticed. Pushkin's best friend Ivan Puschin was sad because he would soon have to part with his friends who had become his family during his studies. On this occasion, in the album of the hero of this article, his fellow students wrote several poems. Among them were Illichevsky, Delvig and Pushkin. Subsequently, the album got lost somewhere.

Military service

Immediately after graduating from the Lyceum, Ivan Pushchin, whose photo you can see in the article, was promoted to officers and clothed in a guards uniform. Since that moment, their ways with Alexander have dispersed. By the way, Pushkin knew nothing about the fact that Ivan entered the same circle during his studies. Pushchyn only occasionally mentioned his membership, but did not tell the details. We'll talk more about this below. It should be noted that Alexander did not recognize the truth.

A new meeting with Pushkin

In January 1820, Ivan Pushchin, whose biography is in many literary encyclopedias, went to Bessarabia to a sick sister. There he spent four months. Returning back along the Belorussian tracts, Ivan stopped by the post station and accidentally saw the name of Pushkin in the guest book. The supervisor told him that Alexander Sergeevich was going to the service. In fact, the poet was sent into exile to the south. "How happy it would be to embrace him," Ivan Ivanovich Pushchin wrote in his memoirs. Friendship with Pushkin was resumed only five years later.

In 1825, the hero of this article learned that Alexander was exiled to the Pskov province. And Ivan had a strong desire to visit his old friend. To begin with, he intended to go from Moscow to Petersburg to celebrate Christmas with his family. Then he went to his sister, and from there to the place of exile Pushkin - the village of Mikhailovskoye. Friends discouraged Ivan from this trip, since Alexander was under the supervision of not only the police, but also the clergy. But Pushchin did not want to listen. The meeting of friends in January 1825 made a strong impression on both of them. Later, Alexander wrote a poem about this. It was their last meeting.

Secret Circle

What did Pushkin not tell Pushkin about when they studied at the Lyceum? At that time, the hero of this article happened to get acquainted with people who in the future took part in the creation of the Northern Society, the Union of Prosperity and the events of December 14. Ivan became one of the most prominent participants in this circle. For this reason, the military service of Pushcha did not last long. Simply, she did not give him scope to implement his beliefs. After leaving Ivan settled in the provincial institution, and then took the place of a judge in the First Department of the Moscow Court.

The Desire for Change

The change of service was due to the fact that the hero of this article wanted to update the atmosphere of the bureaucracy, which, in his opinion, gave out a mustiness. Everywhere reigned chicanery and bribery. Ivan Puschin hoped that his example of honest service for the good of the people would prompt the nobility to assume the responsibilities from which it had all been removed.

Northern Society

The first half of the reign of Alexander I was characterized by a cheerful mood in connection with the rise of public self-awareness. But then everything changed. In the government spheres, opinions on many social issues changed. And this crossed out the hope for a better future for many leading circles, one of which included Ivan Pushchin. In this connection, gravitation towards revolutionary work came to the fore. Openly engage in such activities was impossible, so the circles were transformed into secret organizations.

Ivan was a member of the Northern Society. The head of this organization, Ryleyev, as well as Pushchin, moved from military service to civil service. Together they fought with ignorance and evil. But closer to 1825, politics began to penetrate more and more into their program. Something had to be done. And members of the Northern Society began to develop an action plan.

Decembrist revolt

On December 14, 1825, Ivan Pushchin stood with Obolensky on the Senate Square. Nearby there were other Decembrists. Later, Kiichelbecker (a comrade in the lyceum) testified against them. He stated that Odoevsky, Bestuzhev, Shchepin-Rostovsky, Obolensky and Pushchin were leading the square and prompted him to shoot General Voinov, the Grand Duke. Ivan himself denied this accusation. Pushchin was greatly carried away by the crowd and examined in it an unfamiliar officer without a hat. The people surrounding him said that this was a spy. Then Ivan advised to stay away from him. Who was hit by the officer, the hero of this article did not see. Thus, the question of what Pushchin did on the Senate Square remains open. He did not say anything about this and many years later in the "Notes of the Decembrist."

Arrest

In the evening of December 14, 1825, Ivan Pushchin, whose photo was already in a criminal case against the Decembrists, was arrested along with other members of the Northern Society. They were imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress. At the interrogations Ivan either denied everything or was silent. The court found Pushcha guilty of planning and participating in the regicide. The hero of this article was awarded the first rank of the ranking of state criminals. The final verdict is the death penalty by cutting off the head. Six months later, the court softened the sentence, depriving Ivan of the rank and sending him to eternal hard labor in Siberia. In another couple of months, the term was reduced to 20 years.

Katorga

Upon his arrival in Siberia, Ivan Pushchin, whose biography is known to all Pushkin fans, spent several years in penal servitude. His life was not particularly hard. And the very word "penal servitude" was applied to the Decembrists, who were sitting in different prisons, only in the conventional sense. They lived a close family, organizing in their barracks something like a university for mental work. Pushchin together with Mukhanov and Zavalishin established a small artel. She helped poor members who came to the settlement. And there was also a newspaper artel, which provided the Decembrists with printed publications and books of various subjects (including banned ones).

While in the Chita prison, Pushchin translated "Franklin's Notes". Ivan dealt only with the first part. The second was translated by his friend Steigel. Finished "Franklin's Notes" were sent to Mukhanov's relative, but, unfortunately, the manuscript was lost. The draft copy of Ivan had to be destroyed when inspecting the prison, since ink was banned, and the Decembrists received them in a smuggling manner.

Western Siberia

Thanks to the Supreme Manifesto of 1839, Pushchyn was released from hard labor. He was expelled to a settlement in the city of Turinsk (Western Siberia) in 1840. The next four years Ivan was mainly engaged in reading books. The Siberian climate adversely affected his health. Since 1840, Pushkin regularly had chronic seizures. In this regard, he wrote a petition for transfer to Yalutorovsk. It was granted, and after Ivan's arrival, they settled in the same house with Obolensky. Then in connection with the marriage of comrade Pushchin moved to a separate apartment.

In addition to Ivan, other Decembrists were also in Yalutorovsk: Basargin, Tizengauzen, Yakushkin, Muravyov-Apostol, and others. They regularly visited the hero of this article. At such meetings, the Decembrists played cards, discussed the latest political events, etc. Ivan became addicted to the au pair and spent much time in the garden. But his health did not improve. Pushchin petitioned Gorchakov (Governor-General of Western Siberia) to transfer to Tobolsk for consultation with doctors.

Treatment and freedom

After moving and primary treatment, Ivan became a little better. In Tobolsk, he saw Bobrishchev-Pushkin's old friend. Together, friends worked on the translation of Pascal. After the return, Pushchin did not complain for some time about his health, but soon the seizures resumed. In 1849, he again asked Gorchakov to send him for treatment. This time to the Turin waters. All expenses for the trip were paid from the treasury. There Pushchin met with Bestuzhev and his other comrades. Six months later, Ivan returned to Yalutorovsk. On freedom, the hero of this article came out after the Manifesto of 1856, after spending a whole 16 years on the settlement.

Last years

In 1858, Pushkin Ivan Ivanovich, whose biography is known to many admirers of Pushkin's talent, married Natalia Fonvizina (the wife of a famous Decembrist who died in 1854). A few months after the wedding, the hero of this article died. Pushkin was buried in Bronnitsy near the cathedral. The grave is located near the tomb of Fonvizin M.A.

Works by Pushkin Ivan Ivanovich

In addition to the above-mentioned "Franklin's Notes", the pen of the hero of this article is "Notes on Friendship with Pushkin" (1859) and "Notes of the Decembrist" (1863). The first in more complete form came out in Maykov's work on the biography of the poet. Ivan had a very tender affection for Alexander from the time he studied at the Lyceum. Therefore, "Notes" were imbued with brotherly love and sincere sincerity.

This creativity Pushkin Ivan Ivanovich is not limited. He also owns "Letters from Yalutorovsk" (1845) to Engelhardt. In them, Ivan tells the former director about his own life. He also shares his thoughts on the Siberian order, local bureaucracy and the law of 1842, according to which the peasants were given land for possession under condition of their processing by free labor. In general, letters to Engelhardt contain many noteworthy remarks, characteristic of a progressive, educated person.