Fire doors: GOST and types

The doors of the dwellings have been used by mankind for many centuries. However, if earlier this element was intended only to protect the house from intrusion of unauthorized persons, today the functions of the doors became much wider. And one of the most important is to become a barrier to the fire. Modern fire-prevention doors (GOST, its main requirements and recommendations will be considered further) are able, at least, to delay the time for the open flame to enter the room, thereby giving people the opportunity to leave the building or, if this is not possible, to wait outside help from fire services. The maximum that fireproof door designs are capable of is to block the flame in a burning room before the fire fighting services arrive.

Basic normative documents

The main normative document regulating the requirements for fire doors is GOST. Today, there are several such documents, and each of them describes certain parameters of door designs.

The basic factor in choosing doors is the characteristics that determine the confrontation with the fire. When marking constructions in alphabetic order, it looks like this:

• "E" - the appearance of cracks on the door or loss of integrity of the entire structure with direct exposure to the fire after a designated period of time. For example, "E30" means that destruction will begin after 30 minutes of burning.
• "I" - loss of properties or combustion of heat-insulating material.
• "R" - the maximum indications of the integrity of the door leaf. After a specified period of time, deformation or destruction begins.

Types of fire doors

Before you stop the choice on any one option, you should carefully read what types of fire doors there are in general. GOST, SNIP or other normative documents regulate the classification of door structures in three directions.

• Regarding the material from which they are made, the doors can be wooden, metal and glass (the latter is very convenient, since the fire is visible and the intensity of the flame is visible).
• According to the type of construction, fireproof doors can be made one- and two-leaf.
• According to the degree of resistance to fire, there are 3 types of doors - 1st, 2nd and 3rd.

In the process of production of such products as fire doors, the GOST regulates the technical requirements to which any conventional doors are subject, and in addition to this, there are requirements for fire resistance and flame resistance. The main thing is that the elements of the structure should not be heated up to high temperatures and, the more, melt. In addition, the deformation from high temperatures should be directed outward or inward.

Dimensions

Today in the construction market, many manufacturers produce fireproof doors. The dimensions of GOST R53303-2009 are regulated as follows. Usually, fire resistance is checked for any one type of door of a particular manufacturer. The results of the tests described in the protocol are valid for this model in certain permissible deviations from the overall dimensions, which range from + 10% to -30% in height and width. Rounding is possible up to 5 cm in the larger side and up to 10 cm in the smaller direction.

Simply put, this fire door manufacturer allows GOST to produce with deviations of + 10% to -30% of the door dimensions, which has been tested and certified.

Is it gate or doors?

How large is the design of a fire hatch? And what size doorways are spoken about when installing fire doors and gates? GOST describes both designs with absolute dimensions (the market of certified products will not be able to offer products with larger or smaller dimensions), as well as certified doors from a specific manufacturer. Since the starting point of the dimensions starts from the doors, a deviation of -30% to the design with the smallest dimensions will determine the transition point from the doors to the hatches. A correction of + 10% to the door with the largest dimensions will indicate the time of the transition doors to the gate.

Places of possible installation

Installation of fire doors (GOST and SNiP contain complete information) is only possible in certain places. Since the main purpose of such structures is to protect people from fire and property, the main installation points are considered to be rooms with increased fire hazard. In the field of industry, these are warehouses, corridors, the main distribution board of the enterprise, and workshops. In office buildings it makes sense to install such doors where important documentation is stored.

Materials used

In the opinion of the bulk of consumers, the fireproof metal door has the greatest degree of fire resistance. GOST - the main normative document - obliges for the manufacture to use grades of alloyed steels. As coatings and heaters, non-toxic refractory compounds and materials should be used. Sufficiently reliable and providing good protection against fire are also wooden fire doors, pre-impregnated with special compounds that slow down the combustion.

In general, modern technologies make it possible to use aluminum profiles with thermo-accumulating fillers, multi-layer refractory glass for door manufacturing. As a rule, load-bearing structures from aluminum profiles are provided with high-quality fittings.

The main stages of manufacturing doors

The technological process, as a rule, looks as follows in a phased manner:

• Materials from which the door structures will be subsequently manufactured are tested;
• The basic design elements are made in strict accordance with GOST;
• Doors fireproof GOST 30247.0-94 recommends to undergo all sorts of tests.

Each element of the design has its own specific characteristics. For the production of the door frame, a steel bent profile is used. According to technical requirements, a threshold is mandatory. The door handles are made of metal and covered with a special polymer composition, which will allow you to open even the heated door that has warmed up. The case of the lock must be fire resistant. To produce its components, high-quality steel is used.

Developed and widely used in the manufacturing process of metal doors are special technologies, heat insulating fillers, thermal tapes that expand from hot smoke, rubber seals from cold smoke are used.

Do I need a license to install doors?

Before you give preference to a particular company for the installation of fire doors, you need to find out whether you need a license for such activities. Since this kind of work should be done exclusively by professionals and as qualitatively as possible, the license is, of course, necessary. While the client does not see the full set of permits, he can hardly fully trust the performer. The issuance of this kind of papers is carried out by the fire department. In the future, it is this structure (the fire department) that will have to track whether work has been performed on the installation of fireproof doors, whether all the requirements and standards described in GOSTs and SNiP are met.

All requirements, in turn, can be divided into two parts: those provided by the normative document and those that the customer puts forward to the contractor.

Requirements of normative documents (GOST, SNiP)

There is no normative document regulating the installation of fireproof door structures. However, for the installation of conventional iron doors with some nuances and features such a document is developed, and this is GOST. Installation of fire doors must be made by building anchors with a diameter of at least 10 mm. The distance between adjacent fasteners is at least 700 mm. The door structure itself should be installed using a level and a plumb line. The deviation of the box from the axles is allowed not more than 1.5 mm per 1 meter of length. The door block must be installed in the prepared opening symmetrically with respect to the vertical opening. The construction gaps and seams must be filled with foam.

Customer's requirements for the performer

Firstly, this is a necessary package of documents. These include:

• A document authorizing the installation of fire doors (license);
• Certificate of fire safety ;
• The passport for the door.

Also, there must be a well-regulated door closer, under the force of which the door should close itself. It must be ensured that a special non-combustible fire-fighting foam was used for the installation . To do this is quite simple, since it has a pink color. Foam of any other color should be replaced. Available for review should be the places where the main parameters of the door and its manufacturer are indicated. In addition, the metal fire door (GOST does not contain such information) should fit tightly to the box. Noticeable for visual review of play is the poor-quality work on installing the door. The sealing rubber should be slightly compressed. The color should be uniform, the thermo-expanding tape is glued qualitatively, and the door must be closed with a door closer without impact.

If the customer is satisfied with everything, then the act on the installation of doors is signed.

Operation and maintenance

Care of the fire door is no different from the maintenance of the usual design, it is not regulated by GOST. Wooden fire doors, just like metal ones, must be used during the declared service life. Replacement is subject to structures that have fulfilled their main function during a fire. In such cases, the door is dismantled and another one is installed.