Cognitive thinking. Games for logic and thinking. Psychology

Cognitive psychology fully considers the cognitive processes of human consciousness. Studies of the relevant field, as a rule, are directly related to memory, attention, sensations, information from the outside world, logical thinking, imagination and the ability to make clear decisions. , с самых малых лет человек усваивает полученную из общества информацию и преобразует ее в знания, на основе которых в дальнейшем формируется его личность. So, using cognitive thinking , from the very early years a person learns the information received from society and transforms it into knowledge, on the basis of which his personality is subsequently formed.

Features of cognitive thinking

приравнивается к восприятию мира глубоко субъективно. Thinking as a cognitive process and cognitive activity is equated with the perception of the world deeply subjectively. It is important to note that each person has an individual, because the formation of thinking depends on many factors, including the main characteristics of the individual, experience in the field of interaction with other members of society and so on. Thus, it is expedient to form a decent level of memory, attention, imagination, logic, perception and ability to solve even the most difficult tasks of a person from an early age.

In the conditions of modern society, the greatest development was a computational version of consciousness, according to which the psyche is considered a kind of device with a fixed ability to convert signals. In the presented theory the central role is assigned to internal cognitive schemes, as well as to the active activity of the organism in the process of thinking. человека с работой компьютера, потому что данная система также имеет устройства ввода, хранения и вывода сведений с учетом ее пропускной способности. Thus, one can compare cognitive thinking of a person with the work of a computer, because this system also has devices for input, storage and output of information, taking into account its throughput.

Basic types of thinking

The cognitive system has in its composition a conscious and unconscious mindset. However, modern psychology is mainly concerned only with the study of conscious processes (Z. Freud, in his time, regarded the opposite very deeply). In accordance with the presented position it is necessary to distinguish three types of thinking:

• Visually effective, aimed at solving specific problems in accordance with the production, constructive and organizational aspects of social activity. It should be noted that this type of thinking is predominant in children under the age of three, inclusive. So, the child consciously analyzes the objects of his knowledge through, for example, hands. That's why games for logic and development of thought processes are so important for young children.
• Visual-figurative, embodying abstract thoughts and generalizations into concrete images. This kind of thinking begins to form at the age of 4-7 years. Of course, children still have a connection between consciousness and practical actions, but it is no longer as close as in the case of visually-effective thinking.
• Abstract, closely related to abstract concepts. First of all, it does not appear in the form of concrete practical actions or visual images, but in the role of reasoning of an abstract type. свойственно школьникам, формирование чьей личности подходит к концу. Such rational thinking is characteristic of schoolchildren, the formation of whose personality comes to an end.

Stages of development of intelligence by J. Piaget

The creator of the most profound theory of the formation of intelligence, according to which in the course of his development any person passes through a series of stages, became the Swiss Jean Piaget (1896-1980):

• The period of sensor-motor intelligence includes six stages, on which the first two years of human life are broken. At this time, the perceptual and motor relationships of the infant with the outside world are actively formed. It is important to note that this period is characterized only by a person's ability to perform direct manipulation of things, but actions with symbols represented in the internal plan are completely excluded.
• The preparatory and organizational period of specific operations, flowing into the framework of 2 to 11 years, entails a transition from sensory-motor functions to internal (in other words they are called symbolic). So, the child already has the ability to perform certain actions not only with external objects, but also with concrete representations. At the age of 7 years, a person can successfully combine the two functions presented.
• The period of formal operations is the ability of a teenager 11-15 years to study the possible, hypothetical. So, the external reality begins to be perceived by him as a special case of what can be, but not necessarily is. на данном этапе достигает своей критической точки, когда сознание сформировано, но все равно следует стремиться к высокому, ведь совершенству нет предела. Cognitive thinking at this stage reaches its critical point, when consciousness is formed, but still it is necessary to strive for high, because perfection has no limit.

Criticism of Piaget's theory

Naturally, the above theory is considered a huge achievement of the intellectual field of knowledge, because it was she who revolutionized the notions of cognitive development of children. So, over a long period of time, Piaget's convictions were inspired by a great many researchers, which allowed them to be repeatedly confirmed through scientific methods. However, over time, innovative ways of testing the mental performance of children of different ages came to the community, which proved that Piaget underestimated the abilities of adolescents.

It would be advisable to give a clear example to this conclusion. In order for the preschool child to successfully solve certain tasks formed to test the theory of stages of Piaget, he must have specific basic skills that allow him to correctly process information: attention, memory and specific knowledge of the relevant field. But it may turn out that the teenager will not solve the problem because of the lack of skills that are insignificant, but also necessary to solve this problem.

Formation of moral judgments of the child

ребенка. As it turned out, Piaget actively studied cognitive thinking of the child. But this is far from the limit of his activities, because his important contribution to psychology is the consideration of moral judgments of children. The Swiss was sure that understanding them of social conventions and moral rules must necessarily correspond to the general degree of cognitive development. Thus, the original theories that illuminated this issue, Piaget formulated on the basis of observations of children during the game of glass balls. The scientist was interested in children of different ages, where the rules of the European game came from, what they mean and why it is so important to be guided by them.

в соответствии с его пониманием правил игры определяет четыре этапа, первые два из которых приходятся на дооперационную стадию. After analyzing the set of answers, the psychologist came to the conclusion that the child's cognitive development in accordance with his understanding of the rules of the game determines four stages, the first two of which fall at the preoperative stage. But already at the third stage, children begin to realize that some of the rules serve as social conventions, that is, complex agreements that can be formed or changed arbitrarily if all participants are happy with it. At the fourth stage of children's understanding of moral rules, children are interested in even situations that they did not meet before. The corresponding form of thinking is called ideological and covers a wide range of social issues, and not just standard personal or interpersonal situations.

Levels of thinking

Thought processes are produced at different levels. Public thinking American therapist Aaron Temkin Beck divided into three stages. Thus, on the surface are arbitrary thoughts that can easily be realized and even controlled, below - automatic thoughts, which primarily include stereotypes imposed by society, in the depth - cognitive beliefs that are unconscious. , являющийся завершающим элементом из перечисленных выше, труднее всего поддается всяческим изменениям. A high level of thinking , which is the final element of the above, is most difficult to change. Nevertheless, absolutely all information coming from outside the person can be perceived on one of these levels or on all in aggregate through the analysis of information, the construction of appropriate conclusions and the formation of the most acceptable tactics for behavior.

For the greatest effectiveness of human decisions, it is very important to develop cognitive function in infancy. That's why caring parents try to devote as much time and activities as possible to the formation of the consciousness of their baby.

What contributes to the development of the logic and thinking of the baby?

и все его аспекты у детей являются игры. It's no secret that the most popular way to develop cognitive thinking and all its aspects in children are games. This method has proved its effectiveness both in time and in practice, as games are widely used today not only in kindergartens and other preschool institutions, but also at home. So, the most popular areas are assignments with a variety of subjects that provide affirmations for positive thinking, games using all sorts of pictures and files, oral exercises or assignments for deduction. A very interesting game is to give the child the opportunity to first think like a rich man, and then - like a poor man. This exercise will help develop a sense of frugality, economy, and most importantly - judiciousness in the future.

Of course, all games on thinking and logic are classified according to gender and age. That is why there is a tendency pointing to a particular desire of the society to develop logic precisely among boys, and thinking in girls, which allows them to become real men and a few dreamy women in the future.