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Classification, typologies and criminological characteristics of the perpetrator

Criminology is considered a relatively young science of crime and methods of combating it. Without knowledge of this discipline, it is impossible to conduct effective measures to detain persons who committed unlawful acts. As one of the components of science is the criminological characteristics of the criminal's personality. It is considered to be the fundamental link in all activities related to the disclosure of violations of the law. Let us further consider what the criminological characteristics, classification and typologies of criminals' personality are.

Relationship with other elements of the discipline

The criminological characteristics of the criminal's personality , a sample of which will be discussed below, makes it possible to clarify other problems that concern the causes of offenses, as well as the choice of a method of combating illegal actions. The determinants - the factors - of the acts are connected with objective social phenomena affecting the morale of citizens. They manifest themselves in the antisocial, individualistic views, attitudes and habits that constitute the basis of criminal behavior. On the other hand, determinants are associated with circumstances that facilitate the implementation of such ideas in a particular act. At first glance, these circumstances and phenomena do not depend on the person who committed the unlawful act, and act as external factors regarding him. However, they receive their criminal value in the process of forming the identity of the criminal. As a result, they are transformed into internal determinants.

Personality of the criminal: the concept and criminological characteristics

The content of the definition includes the sociological status of the individual and the legal substantiation of his characteristics. In this regard, the problem of the personality of the offender must be resolved from the point of view of the general social doctrine of man. This definition, in turn, combines two sides: biological and social. If we consider the concept of "personality", then it is inextricably linked with socialization. Speech, in particular, is about the social qualities of a person. They, in turn, are related to the content of his inner world, the degree of his awareness. The criminological characteristic of the criminal's personality is given in accordance with the patterns of unlawful behavior of the individual, illegality as a mass phenomenon. Research obeys the identification of factors and the development of well-founded recommendations on the choice of methods for combating atrocities.

In connection with the fact that the basis on which the criminological characteristics of the criminal's personality are based is the criminal legal and social aspects of life, the investigation of the offense reveals only an antisocial orientation. However, the entire social essence of the illegal act is not disclosed. The criminological characteristic of the professional criminal's personality is possible only taking into account all the signs that distinguish him as an individual. That is why the correlation and aggregate of social positive and negative qualities will make it possible to have a complete picture of the perpetrators of illegal actions. The criminological characteristic of the criminal's personality reflects a certain system of moral and psychological principles, beliefs, attitudes, and characteristics. It also shows a set of strong-willed, emotional and intellectual qualities. Moral and psychological characteristics are in interaction with the social aspects of the individual. Therefore, the identity of the offender should be considered in this unity.

Terminology

The person of the offender is a complex of socially significant relations, connections, signs and characteristics characterizing the person found guilty of violating the law, in conjunction with other (non-individual) conditions and circumstances that affect criminal behavior. A logical question arises. It consists in the following: when it is possible to talk about a person in the context of a criminal, and at what time does such an opportunity cease to exist, that is, within what framework does it take place? Answering this question, it is necessary to take into account several aspects.

Time frame

The concept of personality is based on criminological, sociological and criminal-legal aspects. In the latter case, it begins to exist with the recognition of the guilt of a person and continues until the repayment of conviction. This provision is of significant importance, since it allows us to correctly establish the scope and direction of investigation of a criminal personality. In addition, those qualities are identified that belonged to a decisive role in the commission of an illegal act. The criminological characteristics of the criminal's personality are inextricably linked with the violation. However, specialists are more interested in the process of human development and development, revealing the determinants of the formation of the individual. This interest ceases to exist at a time when a person ceases to be antisocially oriented. From this it follows that the antisocial features on the basis of which the criminological characteristics of the criminal's personality are given exist before the illegal act is committed and condition it. But the recognition of a specific individual by the violator is permissible only after and because of his unlawful behavior.

Main features

Criminologists examine criminals within specific factors, when the disclosure of their elements is not complete enough in terms of the general sciences of society and man. This feature is due to the methodology and subject of study. Criminologists are faced with the task of distinguishing characteristics that would allow us to detect typical signs and cause-effect relationships closest to the criminal. To conduct an in-depth analysis, specialists turn to other disciplines about a person. A criminal personality is characterized by a system of qualities, characteristics, attributes. This complex defines it as the person who committed the illegal act. Common features include:

  • Age.
  • Floor.
  • Social status.
  • Education.
  • Profession.
  • Role in society and so on.

There are also specific features. They reflect the degree and nature of the public danger of the offender. Domestic experts share all the signs for the following groups:

  • Social roles and position.
  • Criminally-legal.
  • Socio-demographic.
  • Moral and psychological.

Socio-demographic features

By themselves, they have no criminological significance. This category includes such signs as sex, age, citizenship, place of residence and birth, and others. In statistical reporting on persons who committed crimes, these characteristics provide very significant information, without which the characteristics of violators will be incomplete. So, given the gender, we can conclude that the illegal acts are more typical of men. This is important when the criminological characteristics of criminals who have committed violent crimes are formed.

Age

It is of great importance for specialists. Depending on it, the activity in one or another group of the population is determined. The criminological characteristics of the personality of a juvenile offender will have significant differences from the description of the characteristics of violators of older law. Thus, the first, as a rule, is characterized by spontaneous offenses. Young people usually do not prepare, the illegal act does not plan in advance. The criminological characteristics of the personality of a minor offender include information about relationships in the family, school, in the yard with peers. This makes it possible to more clearly define the circle of suspects. Illegal actions are more likely to be committed by those who live in dysfunctional families, has low academic performance, and acquaintance with older criminal elements.

For older people, behavior is different. Of great importance is the length of the period during which the individual is in an unfavorable situation. Criminological characteristics of the personality of violent criminals and hooligans indicate a tendency to commit offenses even in early childhood. This conclusion is drawn from the analysis of the behavior of individuals for a long time. In the departments of Internal Affairs, juvenile offenders are dealt with by relevant specialists. They study their behavior at school and at home, identify unlawful acts, prosecute parents. In many cases, this kind of work gives only temporary results. Subsequently, from such violators, socially dangerous individuals grow up.

Moral qualities

The criminological characteristics of the personality of a violent criminal indicate that the individual does not have any moral values, foundations, views, or worldview. This allows you not to feel responsible for the implementation of certain actions. Investigating such an individual, experts pay attention to his belonging to any social group, the relationship with other people in various spheres of life, the position regarding his duties as a citizen and a person.

Social role

The criminological characteristic of the personality of a self-serving criminal reflects his position in society and in the collective. Initially, such citizens occupy small posts or posts of medium size, allowing them to hide illegally for a long time. Insufficient means pushes many people to commit illegal actions. They do not take into account that there are many legitimate ways to achieve well-being, and choose the easiest way. Once in a critical situation, many are not able to soberly assess what is happening. They succumb to emotions without thinking about the consequences. The criminological characteristic of the person of a careless criminal usually reflects this state of affairs. In fact, being a law-abiding citizen, a person in a hopeless situation, as it seems to him, is against the law. As a result, he leaves a lot of tracks, does not think it through, and if he plans, he necessarily misses a detail that later will lead to it.

A special case

Unfortunately, in today's world there are crimes against personal freedom of a person. They are not publicly disclosed in the media, but periodically there are reports of the loss of citizens. The criminological characteristic of the personality of the trafficker is quite complex and reflects many aspects of human behavior. It lacks not only moral and ethical principles, but also humanity. Such people do not harm victims with their own hands, but they easily allow it to be done to others, receiving considerable compensation for this.

Criminological characteristics of the perpetrator: sample, description

The analysis of individuals is usually based on 2 grounds. According to the nature of the antisocial orientation, criminals are divided into the following types:

  • By aggressive and disrespectful attitude towards a person and the most important goods (conscience, honor, health, life).
  • For mercenary selfish motivation, which is associated with ignoring the principles of honest work and social justice.
  • On an individualistic-anarchic attitude to various social institutions, family, official, civic duties.
  • By the presence of irresponsible attitude to the implementation of different rules of TB, manifested in crimes by negligence.

The second criterion reflects the depth and persistence of the individual's asociality. In accordance with it there are:

  1. Consistently criminogenic appearance. Such an individual develops in an environment in which there are periodic violations of moral and legal norms. On the basis of this, a criminological description of the criminal's personality is drawn up. Example: the situation that facilitates an illegal act is actively formed by the individual himself. The offense is a consequence of the behavior usual for the citizen. It is conditioned by stable antisocial attitudes, orientations and perceptions.
  2. Situational-crime-like appearance. It is distinguished by a violation of the norms of morality and minor offenses. How can such a criminological characteristic of the criminal's personality look? Example: an illegal act is largely due to a situation that is unfavorable from a legal, moral and socio-economic point of view. The microenvironment and the image of the antisocial life that he used to have been subject to the violation of the subject.
  3. Situational view. This category includes individuals characterized by poorly expressed immoral elements in behavior. Such subjects go to an offense under the influence of a situation that has arisen not through their fault. Along with this, such an individual can justify someone else's and his behavior or not know about the legitimate ways of solving the case. This type is mostly citizens who take everything that badly lies.

Psychological picture

In accordance with the Western principles of the analysis of criminals' personalities, 7 stages of the formation of the characteristics are distinguished:

  1. Evaluation of the most illegal act.
  2. Detailed analysis of specific signs of the crime scene.
  3. Assessment of the victim.
  4. Study of police reports.
  5. Examination of the forensic expert's report.
  6. Developing a suspect profile.
  7. Formation of investigative strategy.

Situation from practice

A corpse was found in the wasteland. From him, in 200 meters, a crumpled rag was found behind the fence, on which traces of blood were found. As established by the investigation, the crime scene is a wasteland where a corpse was found. The blood on the found rags belongs to the deceased. When reconstructing the actions of the killer, experts suggested that to conceal the tracks, the perpetrator tried to destroy the traces of blood on his hands. For this he used a scrap of rags. In accordance with the peculiarities of the situation (clothes of the victim, a puddle with water, grass, sand, which could act as an alternative means of achieving the goal), as well as the atypical method of destroying evidence, it can be concluded that the possible reasons behind the choice of action. In the latter, a specific composition can be identified. It consists in the unhurried, unjustifiably long wiping of hands with rags. As a result, a version appeared about the sign of the suspect. In particular, about the nature of his professional activities. Investigators suggested that his work is related to fuel, lubricants or other soiling material, which can be used without special protective gloves. Along with this, in ordinary life, probably a rag is the likely means of removing contaminants from your hands. On the basis of all these conclusions, the circle of suspects on a professional basis (plumber, mechanic, etc.) was significantly narrowed.

Individual actions

The reasons explaining them, are connected with the mechanism of concealment of weaknesses of the guilty party. To the category of such individual actions it is possible to carry a disguise:

  • Traces on the scene of the deed.
  • A fact of crime.
  • Places where the event occurred, and so on.

Masking will also act and act-dramatization. In this regard, the investigators need to establish whether the person chosen as the guilty person has an effect of the nature of the concealment. If there are reasons to assume this, then, perhaps, the offender was connected with the victim, the place of the accident or its circumstances. Probably, a complex interrelation of these factors will be established.

Finally

As can be seen from the above information, the investigation of the criminal's personality has both scientific-cognitive and practical significance. Complex analysis of the individual should not be limited to the identification of individual characteristics, often only superficially describing the subject. The study should be conducted taking into account a complex of features. This will act as a guarantee of a more complete detection and adequate assessment of the development of the identity of the offender. This, in turn, is necessary for the application of appropriate methods of behavior correction and prevention of new illegal acts. In the typology, not just often occurring events are fixed, but regular ones. This acts as a logical result of the social development of the individual. Thanks to the existing typology, knowledge about violators of order is greatly expanded. This contributes to the resolution of urgent tasks related to combating crime, increasing the effectiveness of individual prevention of perpetrators, as well as the resocialization of convicts.

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