Classification of ski runs. Descent and skiing

Skiing is very popular with lovers of mountain resorts. However, today it is not only entertainment for tourists, but also a real job for professionals. Training this sport is a laborious process of improving the technique of movement. This includes both skiing and climbing, and turns, and braking. Nevertheless, the main element is the move, which professional athletes pay special attention to.

Basics of descents

Crossing the terrain on the slope requires the ability to quickly navigate the situation. On the way, there may be unevennesses and obstacles that need to be avoided. It is worth noting that ski slopes respond to the basics of biomechanics, so for safe movement you just need to follow specific rules.

When moving along the slope, various forces, including internal ones, are acting on the athlete. Any descent requires muscular effort and a lot of energy to keep the right balance and trajectory. The fundamental is the force of gravity, which depends on many components. It is always directed down perpendicular. Classic ski moves imply the balancing of the center of gravity with the force of reaction. If they are equalized, the movement will be much faster. When descending, additional rolling and relative forces are added.

The greater the steepness of the slope, the less pressure on the track. Also, the frictional force is noticeably reduced. That's why for the manufacture of skis used materials such as plastic and solid wood. Without roughness and fibrillity, the surface acquires an ideal friction-sliding balance. To improve the interaction of the coating with snow, special lubricants are often used.
When descending, it is important to be able to navigate the weather. At a temperature of -4 to -6 degrees, the slip increases by an order of magnitude. The reason is that a dense water film forms on the snow, which prevents friction. In the thaw, the rate of descent depends on the hydrophobic properties of the covering of the ski track. An important role is played by rigidity of equipment. If the track is not elastic, then maneuverability will decrease to a minimum, and this is fraught with injuries. When descending it is necessary to take into account the strength of air resistance, so it is not superfluous to think about the most tight fitting suit.

To date, the speed record on the prepared slope is 212 km / h. Nevertheless, for beginners, this figure should not exceed the threshold of 60 km / h.

Sustainability Factors

Any variety of ski moves require an ideal balance of movement. This concerns the position of the body, limbs, variations of the support and other nuances. On a sharp slope, the risk of injury depends on how well a person knows the description of ski runs, that is, on the level of his training.

Therefore, to begin with, in theory, it should be understood that, when descending, stability is a combination of the following factors: the support area, the position of the hull, the mobility of the limbs, the relief of the path, the angle of equilibrium, the dynamics of possible velocities. Each of these components is important for the overall balance during the movement.

Nevertheless, the angle of equilibrium will be decisive. It is formed by a perpendicular from the center of gravity to the surface of the track and the line that connects the CT to the ends of the skis. Thus, the back and front stability angles differ. Their sum will eventually reveal the so-called balance level. This is a dynamic value, which at the initial stage depends on the length of the track and the height of the athlete.

It is important to remain stable during movement. To achieve this, you can balance all the forces acting on the athlete and ski. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to the perpendicular from the center of gravity to pass to the support at the appropriate angle. For each person, he is different, so the value is a kind of individual. When maneuver, the values of internal and external forces change, so you need to move the skis and body parts to maintain balance. For this, the athlete must have a well developed muscular system. The higher the descent rate and the steeper maneuver, the more effort is needed. In this case, it is recommended to maximally extend ski management or use a slight lunge one stop forward. To improve depreciation, you need to bend your legs, bend over and do a swing with your hands. Racks are allowed. If at the moment of descent the force of attraction is drawn to the side, it is necessary to carry out the opposite lunge of the body.

Classification of ski runs

Moving on snow can be carried out on a rough terrain, along a plain, on a slope or an ascent. Each of these types differs by the number of steps per cycle, the variability of the hands, the position of the body and the angle of stability.

Traditional classification of ski runs involves only 2 groups: simultaneous and alternate. In the first form, the push must be performed with two hands at once. In the alternating motion of the limbs is carried out alternately.

There is also a more accurate classification of ski courses: unmoving, one-, two-, three- and four-way. The latter two species are not widely used due to their complexity. This classification of ski moves takes into account the number of sliding steps for one push with sticks, that is, the degree of the cycle.

It is worth noting that both of the above traits in reality are intertwined. For example, there are two-way simultaneous and alternate ski runs, etc. Each of these species has its own features and differences. It is worth noting that at the same time single-shot movement can be basic and fast. The first option relates to long distances. The second is called the starting one, that is, when the athlete with fresh forces is only gaining momentum.

Recently, in the ski sport, there was another kind of move - skating. It is used only by leading sprinters with good slip on the rolled snow. This view allows you to develop an incredible speed in a matter of seconds. The ridge moves are divided into alternate, mahovye and simultaneous. The required variation is selected depending on the degree of slippage of the track, the adhesion of skis, the relief pattern, the condition of the support sticks, the level of preparedness of the athlete. Beginners are encouraged to alternate the types of moves to save energy, even if it takes more time. For professionals, the main goal is maximum speed, so many of them prefer to use an alternate two-stroke type of motion. It significantly saves time spent on the route.

Alternate two-stroke operation

This is the most popular and complex variant of movement on the snow-covered highway. In simplified form, it is known as the classical alternate course. The cycle of movements here consists of two sliding steps. It is necessary to push off at the same time every contact of the ski track with snow. Professionals distinguish 5 main phases of the move:

1. Reduce the loss of speed can be due to free sliding. To do this, it is necessary to reduce the frictional force of the ski track against the surface, allowing the muscles to rest. The main mistake in this phase is the tightening of time. After pushing one foot the athlete slides on the second ski track. In this case, both sticks do not touch the support. Moving any part of the body will increase pressure and frictional force, violating the balance.

2. At this stage, the speed is increased by sliding with a straightened support leg. At this time, all muscles of the back are turned on. It is important here to ensure the maximum possible transmission of the support force. At first, the phases of the stick must be set forward at an angle of 70 degrees. At the same time, the arm is bent and the elbow is slightly out of the way. 3. Gliding is carried out simultaneously with the sub-assembly. Here the most important nuance is the quick stopping of the driving track. After this, the sub-assembly phase and subsequent rolling should be sharply accelerated. To develop speed, hand movements will help.

4. At this stage, it is important to ensure the highest speed of attack. The phase of the squeeze ends with repulsion with the foot. At this point, the skis stop, the hip joints unbend, the lower leg tilts slightly forward. The stretching of the muscles during the jerk contributes to a powerful repulsion and speed set.

5. The final phase is the "take-off" position. Repulsion occurs simultaneously with straightening of the jogging leg. At the same time, the speed of movement depends on the correctness of the lunge. The hip should be as vertical as possible, and the swinging leg extends forward by 40-50 cm.

Simultaneous braking

This method of movement is only used for ideal sliding. To do this, you need solid supports for sticks. This type of stroke is suitable for beginners. Nevertheless, professionals use this technique of movement in both moderate and poor slip, but only at medium slopes.

Such classic ski moves are advisable to use on ice-covered or rolled-out sections of the route, where even a minimal step leads to a significant loss of equilibrium. Optimum slip in such conditions is possible due to simultaneous jerking with sticks. At competitions, the smooth running is very important, because it allows you to achieve the highest speed of movement in the snow, and at the same time saves the strength of the skier. During this type of slip on the descent, the main load is borne by the muscular system of the trunk and hands, but the lower extremities receive a relative rest.

The bending stroke has its own technique of execution:

1. Immediately after pushing away the athlete slides on bent legs with a slightly raised head.

2. The movement continues, and the skier gradually starts to straighten and slowly take out the sticks in front of him. 3. Preparations for the push are in progress. The skier is fully straightened so that the mass of the body is completely moved to the socks. The legs are slightly bent, the sticks are removed for setting on snow.

4. There is a repulsion from the track surface. The power of jerking with sticks is achieved by the degree of bending of the body and elbows. Then the arms straighten.

5. Slip occurs by inertia. The skier remains a little bent and keep his balance.

This cycle can be repeated several times, if the slope allows.

Simultaneous single stroke

This technique is used by athletes to overtake rivals in the plain at an average slip level. Simultaneously, a single-track ski run allows to develop high-speed performance up to 30 km / h. Some athletes use this technique even on gentle slopes. The stroke cycle is based on sliding after one step and simultaneous repulsion by sticks.

To date, there are two variations of this technique of displacement. The main move - this is the removal of hands and sticks forward before the start of a breakthrough. Then, after pushing away with the foot, the support is pushed. Starting form - jerking with sticks - is carried out after a while after the motion of the foot. Professional athletes use only the basic version of single-stroke, as the frequency of movement is much lower. This technique involves the following steps:

1. After pushing away the skier starts sliding, gradually straightening out and leading the stick forward.

2. The weight of the body is transferred to the trembling leg. There is a spurt of skis.

3. Immediately upon termination of pushing away by a foot the simultaneous push with sticks begins.

Gliding is carried out on both skis.

Simultaneous double stroke

This technique is most often used on the plain part of the track with excellent slip. This move allows you to achieve a relatively high speed, but due to the large frequency of actions for professionals, it is not very popular. But children's skiing is based on the study of a simultaneous two-way mode of motion on a snow-covered surface.

For such a move, a solid support is necessary. Thanks to two sliding steps and simultaneous jerking by sticks, even children with an undeveloped muscular system will be able to reach a high speed without much trouble. In one cycle, you can achieve a rate of 20 km / h. The technique of execution consists of the following actions:

1. First, there is a simultaneous repulsion by hands. Sliding occurs on two skis. The body straightens.

2. After pushing with the right foot, sliding is carried out on the left ski track. Then there is a similar jerk with a change of legs.

3. The sticks go forward. Preparations for the next push are in progress.

Ridge run

This method of movement is used on heavily rolled tracks with a high level of slip. It allows you to achieve maximum speed under difficult conditions. A two-ridge ridge run is the best option on gentle slopes, since it allows the skier to maintain balance. It is worth noting that this technique is not suitable for long distances.

For today to accept to distinguish alternate konkovyj a course, simultaneous mahovyj, odno-and dvuhshashnyj. Each of these types is suitable for specific sections of the route. On the steep slopes, an alternate version is used, on the plain - simultaneous, on the turns - mahovy, etc. However, every athlete chooses for himself how he will move under certain conditions.

How to learn skating? It is important to understand that the actions of a skier at the time of movement on such a technique resemble skating. Repulsion is carried out by an internal edge. Then the weight of the body is transferred to the other leg, and a similar spurt takes place on the second ski track. The cycle is carried out relatively quickly, as in speed skating. When moving, the hands, legs, and body should work actively. It is allowed to combine variations of the stroke, for example, alternating and simultaneous. In some cases, you can do without pushing away with sticks.

Braking technique

Stopping traffic is a fundamental element of skiing. Braking is most often required to reduce speed on descents. This action significantly slows down the course, but allows you to bypass any obstacles and perfectly fit into the steep sections of the route.

One of the most common types is the inhibition of the "plow". It is optimal for steep descents. During braking, the skier straightens his legs, jumps slightly and with strong sharp pressure spreads his heels to the sides. The knees are pulled together, the body slightly deflected back. The second most popular is the stop braking. It is used mainly on slopes diagonally. When braking, the athlete transfers the weight of the body to the sliding ski when the rear is in the stop position. Socks come together. The rear track is placed on the inner edge.

Lateral braking is based on turning skis during slip. It is used on slopes in the event that it is necessary to quickly leave for a turn. Braking is carried out due to the simultaneous trimming of two skis in one direction.

Technique of lifting

There are several ways to overcome the altitude slope: sliding, alternating, ladder, herringbone. The choice of technique depends on the type of route (straight, zigzag or obliquely). Skiing requires serious physical training for the athlete. On the snow-covered tracks, all muscle groups work as much as possible. For high-speed passage, skiers use a sliding lift. For a long high-altitude area, the alternate method is best. When choosing a lifting option, you should consider the degree of adhesion of skis to the snow surface.