Classification of methods of scientific knowledge

A method in the broadest sense of the word is a system of certain techniques or methods that can be used in any sphere of a person's life for the realization of his social activity.

For example, the methodology of science is engaged in research of the development of scientific knowledge and its structure, as well as a variety of substantiation of the results of these studies. In addition, the scope of the methodology of science includes studying the mechanisms and forms of implementation of the knowledge gained in practice.

Any method includes a set of prescription systems, defined principles and requirements that determine the direction of the actions of a particular subject to achieve one or another goal.

Classification of methods of scientific knowledge is reduced to a multi-level concept of methodological knowledge, which includes the following main groups.

1. Philosophical methods. To this variety of methods is the dialectical method of scientific cognition, and metaphysical. These are the most famous, universal methods of scientific knowledge. In addition to the above, philosophical methods include analytical (inherent in modern analytical philosophy), phenomenological, intuitive and hermeneutical.
2. General scientific approaches, as well as research methods.
3. Special methods (private) research.
4. Disciplinary methods of scientific knowledge.
5. Methods of interdisciplinary research.

Classification of methods of scientific knowledge in the context of the philosophical approach to the study of its basic laws, often uses a dialectical approach to the problem.

Dialectics, in turn, is divided into three main forms. The first is the ancient dialectic, called "spontaneous and naive," since its arguments were exclusively worldly experience. The postulate of the founder of the ancient dialectic of Heraclitus, who claimed that "everything flows, everything changes". Another representative of this kind of scientific knowledge was Plato: in his understanding, dialectic was the art of dialogue. Zeno tried to define real contradictions in the logic of concepts.

Also, the classification of methods of scientific knowledge is based on German classical dialectics as a philosophical method. This form of dialectics was developed by Hegel, Kant, Schelling, Fichte - German philosophers, who made an invaluable contribution to the development of this science.

Materialist dialectic - the third type of dialectics - is a system of views, categories, laws and principles, laid down by the classics of Marxism.

The dialectical method of scientific cognition of the world asserts that if the real world is constantly in motion, develops, passes from one form of life to another, then all concepts and categories associated with this dynamic of the objective world must be mobile, flexible, reflect unity and struggle Opposite categories of the world, to be interconnected in order to accurately reflect the reality.

Considering that the classification of methods of scientific cognition concerns absolutely all spheres of human activity, it is equally successfully used in social, economic, political spheres of a person's life.

The dialectical principles include, first of all, the historicism of the phenomenon - that is, the study of the subject of study in its constant movement and development. The principle of comprehensive consideration is also the main principle in dialectics. In addition, such principles as concreteness, objectivity, the principle of contradiction, determinism also belong to the basic basic principles of the dialectical method of studying the world and are used to study phenomena, events, objects in their totality.