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Artificial satellites of the Earth

Artificial satellites of the Earth are flying space vehicles that are brought into orbit around the Earth and revolve around it along a geocentric orbit. They are intended for solving applied and scientific problems. For the first time the launch of an artificial Earth satellite took place on October 4, 1957 in the USSR. It was the first artificial celestial body that people created. The event became possible thanks to the results of achievements in many areas of rocket, computer technology, electronics, celestial mechanics, automatic control and other branches of science. The first satellites made it possible to measure the density of the upper layers of the atmosphere, to verify the reliability of theoretical calculations and the main technical solutions that were used to bring the satellite to orbit, to investigate the features of radio signal transmission in the ionosphere.

America launched its first ISP "Explorer-1" on February 1, 1958, and then, a little later, launched and other countries: France, Australia, Japan, China, Britain. In the field of space research , cooperation among countries all over the world has become widespread.

A spacecraft can be called a satellite only after making more than one revolution around the Earth. Otherwise, it is not registered as a satellite and will be referred to as a rocket probe, which conducted measurements on a ballistic trajectory.

The satellite is considered active if radio transmitters, pulse lamps, light signals, measuring equipment are installed on it. Passive artificial earth satellites often serve to observe from the surface of the planet when performing some scientific assignments. These include satellite balloons up to a few tens of meters in diameter.

Artificial Earth satellites are divided into applied and scientific-research, depending on the tasks they perform. Scientific research is designed to conduct research on celestial bodies, the Earth, and outer space. Such are geodesic and geophysical satellites, astronomical orbital observatories, etc. Applied satellites are communication satellites, navigation satellites, meteorological satellites for the study of Earth's resources, technical, etc.

Artificial satellites of the Earth, created for human flight, are called "manned spacecraft-satellites." The satellites in the polar or polar polar orbit are called polar, or equatorial in orbit. The stationary satellites are the satellites launched on the equatorial circular orbit, the direction of their motion coinciding with the rotation of the Earth, they are immovably hanging over a specific point of the planet. Separated from the satellites when injected into orbit parts, such as head fairings, are secondary orbital objects. Often they are called satellites, although they move along near-earth orbits, and serve primarily as objects for observations for scientific purposes.

From 1957 to 1962 years. The name of the space objects indicated the year of launch and the letter of the Greek alphabet corresponding to the serial number of the launch in a particular year, as well as the Arabic digit - the number of the object, depending on its scientific significance or brightness. But the number of launched satellites was growing rapidly, so from January 1, 1963, they began to be designated the launch year, the launch number in the same year and the letter of the Latin alphabet.

Satellites can be different in size, design schemes, mass, composition of airborne equipment, depending on the tasks performed. The power supply of equipment for almost all satellites is made by means of solar batteries installed on the outer part of the shell.

To the orbit, satellites are output by means of automatically controlled multi-stage carrier rockets. The movement of artificial earth satellites is subject to passive (attraction of the planets, resistance of the Earth's atmosphere , etc.) and active (in the case of a jet engine on the satellite ) to the forces.

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