Education, The science

Anatomy - what is it? Anatomy as a science

Understanding a person's structure, composition, lifestyle and types of interaction of all living beings on the planet helps him to use this knowledge for his own purposes, for the benefit of the development of human civilization. And interest in the world around him was always inherent in people. Since ancient times man has been trying to figure out how the organisms are arranged, what they are, what they are and what they mean.

That is why, over time, a discipline such as biology was born and received the most colossal popularity among the sciences. At first it concerned only plants, then animals, humans, microorganisms and, finally, reached its stage of development, when it became possible to look inside the tiniest creatures. On the path of formation from biology, many daughter sciences have budded off, which now are all complex and constitute its essence.

Biological Sciences

There are a number of different sciences that includes biology. Consider their classification.

I. General Sciences

  1. Systematics.
  2. Morphology (anatomy, histology, cytology).
  3. Physiology.
  4. Evolutionary teaching.
  5. Biogeography.
  6. Ecology.
  7. Genetics.

II. Integrated

  1. Parasitology.
  2. Hydrobiology.
  3. Soil science.

III. Private Science

  1. Botany.
  2. Zoology.
  3. Anthropology.

This method of subdivision of biological disciplines was proposed by the scientist BG Johansen in 1969, and he has not lost its relevance to this day. This classification covers almost all major disciplines, except for the most modern ones - biotechnology, biochemistry, gene and cellular engineering and some medical sciences.

Anatomy and related disciplines

One of the earliest and most important biological disciplines is anatomy. Here we will look at it in more detail.

First, the question arises: anatomy - what is it? What is she studying? You can formulate several answers. But the very essence is as follows.

Anatomy is the science of the form of organs and systems of organs, their structure and functioning. This discipline is a section of morphology and in itself includes two varieties:

  • Anatomy of plants - the structure, shape and arrangement of organs and tissues in plant creatures;
  • Anatomy of animals and humans - all the same, only for representatives of fauna.

Anatomy with other sciences is in close interaction, and this is not surprising. It is difficult to study the molecular structure of the liver cells if one does not know what the liver is, where it is located and what functions it performs. Therefore, this discipline occupies a very important place in the general system of biological sciences.

The anatomy itself is divided into the following varieties:

  • Comparative;
  • Systematic;
  • Age-related;
  • Topographical;
  • Plastic;
  • Functional;
  • Experimental morphology.

Each section has its goals and objectives of study, its object and subject of research and makes a very great contribution to the accumulation of the theoretical knowledge base on biology.

Goals and objectives of science

Anatomy - what exactly is this discipline studying? To answer, let us turn to the goals and objectives of this science.

The goal: to create accurate theoretical knowledge, supported by experimental practical studies, the structure of the human body, the form and position of its organs and systems, their formation in the process of evolution and transformation over time under the influence of environmental factors.

In connection with the goal, anatomy is a science that solves the following problems:

  1. To study the stages of the formation of man and his organism in the process of evolutionary development.
  2. Consider the structure of organs, their systems, and study the patterns of change as a result of age transformations.
  3. To study the influence of environmental conditions and factors on the development and formation of organs and systems of the human body.

Thus, we received a concrete and complete answer to the question "Anatomy - what is it?" And we can go on to consider the history of the development of this science.

History of anatomy as a science

As a science, this discipline was formed only in the XVIII century. However, theoretical knowledge began to accumulate in ancient times, thanks to the works of such great people as Hippocrates, Aristotle, Herophilus, Erasistratus and others.

More fully and clearly we will consider how the anatomy (the science of man) was formed from the epochs in the form of a table.

Ancient Greece, Egypt, Persia and China (460 BC - XIII century AD) The Middle Ages and the Renaissance (XIII - XVIII centuries) New and Newest Time (XVIII - XXI Century)
1. "Ayurveda" (Indian book). Contained descriptions of some organs of man, muscles and nerves. The beginning of the Middle Ages is characterized by stagnation in the development of anatomical knowledge. Nothing is studied or investigated, as it is forbidden by the church. But already the end of the XVII - beginning of the XVIII century - this is the period of the Renaissance. At this time, a number of events are unfolding, which has become an important milestone in the history of science. This period is characterized by the creation of magnifying devices that allow the discovery of small structures and microorganisms. Appears medical anatomy. New methods of studying living organisms, including humans, are being formed. A clear definition is made that anatomy is a science that studies not just organs, but whole systems, their work and formation during life.
2. "Nejing" (the Chinese book). Included descriptions of the heart, kidneys, liver and other human organs. 1. The Italian Mondino in 1316 creates the first book-textbook, which says that anatomy is the science of human organs, their lives. 1. Karl Bear (1792-1876 biennium) - discovered the human ovum, studied the mechanisms of formation of embryonic sheets and the beginning of the formation of organs from them. He became the founder of the theory of recapitulation (repetition) in embryogenesis of the human embryo of some external signs of animals.
3. Egyptian doctor Imhotep studied the components of the human body based on corpses for mummification. He described all the observations and created his work in such images. 2. 1473 g - published works of Avicenna and Celsus, the first medical anatomical dictionary of terms is produced. 2. Jean Baptiste Lamarque, Charles Darwin made a great contribution to the development of evolutionary teaching. Darwin is the author of the most common theory of the origin of human species and their historical development.
4. The Romanian Herophilus and his main work "Anatomica." He purposefully studied the internal structure of the corpses of people, made a great contribution to the development of human anatomy, he is called the father of this discipline. 3. A special contribution to the development of discipline was made by the painter Leonardo da Vinci, who skillfully used his talents to accurately sketch the muscles, organs, parts of the skeleton of the human body. He owns more than 600 distinct, precise and clear drawings, reflecting the work of muscles and their structure, various organs and bones. 3. Louis Pasteur - a brilliant scientist, chemist, microbiologist. I managed to prove the impossibility of spontaneous generation of life without the participation of microorganisms. He conducted many experiments, proving this fact, is the father of microbiology. He also developed the first attempts to vaccinate people from disease.
5. Erazistratus (Greece) also studied anatomy on the corpses convicted by law. Refuted the theory advanced by Hippocrates on the fluids governing the human body and its diseases. Described some organs and muscles. 4. Andreas Vesaliy - doctor, researcher, creator of the seven-volume anatomy. One of the greatest researchers of the anatomy of his time. Recognized only observation and experiment, all the results were obtained by opening the corpses and collecting bones in the cemeteries. 4. Caspar Wolf - the founder of embryogenesis, its main currents and directions.
6. Claudius Galen - his works are owned by 400 sources, in which he described in detail dozens of structural parts of the body, including nerves and muscles. His work was the first methodical material for other people in the study of anatomy. 5. William Harvey - made an invaluable contribution to the development of ideas about the movement of blood through the vessels. Founder of the biogenetic law, he expressed the idea of the origin of all living things from one egg. 5. Luigi Galvani - a famous physicist who discovered the nerve impulses of electrical nature in the tissues of living creatures of animal origin. The founder of electrophysiology.
7. Celsus is the founder of many medical aspects of anatomy. He studied the bandaging of vessels, the fundamentals of surgery and hygiene. 6. Eustachius - opened an auditory pipe, named in his honor (eustachian), which connects the middle ear and the external atmosphere. He also owns the discovery and description of the adrenal glands. Many of the organs described by him were placed in a common work, which he could not finish. 6. A huge contribution to the development of anatomy and medicine in Russia was made by Peter I. It was he who set the pace by which scientists of our country managed to make a number of important and significant discoveries and give the sciences the opportunity to develop intensively. The tsar himself took over this experience from foreign personalities. The creation of the Russian Academy of Sciences was of decisive importance in the development of many disciplines.
8. Persian physician Abu-Ibn-Sina (Avicenna) - developed his theory, according to which the human body has 4 main organs that are responsible for all of his work: heart, testicle, liver, brain. 7. Gabriele Fallopius is a disciple of Vesalius. He owns descriptions and discoveries of a number of small structural parts of the body: the tympanic membrane, the ophthalmic and palatine muscles, the elements of the hearing organ. He described the foundations of the structure of female genital organs. 7. Pirogov NI - an outstanding surgeon, the founder of comparative anatomy, the inventor of the "ice anatomy" method (sawing parts of frozen corpses for study and comparison). His work became the basis for the development of surgery.
9. The Greeks of Empedocles and Alcmaeon. They contributed to the development of knowledge about the ear and the organs of vision, and the nerves surrounding them. 8. Thomas Willys is a physician who is known for discovering a number of human diseases, as well as a thorough study of people's nervous system. 8. PA Zagorsky and IV Buyalsky were the first to develop and produce anatomical atlases and methodological manuals for students.
10. The Greeks Anaxagoras and Aristophanes. We studied independently of each other the brain and its membranes, described what they saw. 9. Gleason. Described bodies and more carefully engaged in the study of childhood diseases of man. 9. PF Lesgaft - the ancestor of functional anatomy. He studied and described muscles, bones, their work and structure, joints.
11. Euripides and Diogenes managed to examine the portal vein, described some parts of the circulatory system, many other organs and their work. 10. Casparo Azelli. I made a fairly accurate description of the lymphatic vessels of the intestine. He put a lot of work into the development of ideas about the action of the circulatory and lymphatic system. 10. VN Tonkov. He suggested using an x-ray to study the skeleton. The founder of experimental anatomy as a discipline.
12. Aristotle. He studied plants, animals and man. He created over 400 works from various fields of biology. He considered the soul to be the basis of all living things, he pointed out the similarity in the structure of the animal and man. 11. A very important step forward in the development of anatomy was the "anatomical theaters": the opening of corpses in public. Such events were allowed to be trained in medicine. During the autopsy a joint discussion was held. Relief from the Church also favorably affected the study of the fundamentals of anatomy. 11. D.A. Zhdanov, B.I. Lavrentyev, N.M. Yakubovich made a great contribution to the development of knowledge about the structure and mechanisms of the brain, on impulses.
13. Hippocrates is the author of the idea of four fluids that move the body: blood, mucus, black and yellow bile. Denied theological views on the anatomy of humans and animals. 12. II Mechnikov - author of the theory of immunity, the discoverer of the process of phagocytosis. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for his work in this field.

Of course, this is not a complete list of names whose works have great theoretical and practical value in the formation of such a science as anatomy.

What is anatomy today? Modern scientists also do not stop there. Periodically, all new discoveries of these or other structures, their functions take place. So, some processes are still incomprehensible to a person, and he has something to strive for.

The connection between anatomy and physiology

Anatomy and physiology are closely related to each other. As a science, they only in complex can provide complete information about the structure, form, structure and functioning of one or another body, the system. That is why, on a par with the corresponding anatomical sciences, there is the physiology of plants and animals, including humans.

This is a very important interaction that allows us to understand more deeply the mechanisms of the work of the human body. So, properly manage them. In turn, such data is extremely important for medicine. So it turns out that almost all biological sciences - a closely interwoven tangle, pulling at the thread of which, you can get unique and complete information about any living being.

Anatomy for school children

In the course of the school curriculum, one of the important subjects for high school students is anatomy. In which class does the study begin? As a science, it has been taught since the eighth. But the first knowledge of the structure of the human body and the functioning of organs is given already in primary school.

Studying the subject in an elementary school

Naturally, the discipline is not beginning to be studied from the first class, although some anatomical concepts are explained to them in an abstract and accessible way. For example, incorrect sitting at a desk can lead to a curvature of the spine. As a rule, at this age, all children already know where the spine is. And only in the fourth grade "real" anatomy begins. The 4th grade is the final stage of the initial education. Children are well prepared to learn to understand the most basic anatomical processes. The training is provided by the program in the course of the discipline "The World around". Children are given the general topography of organs in the human body, their name and the names of the systems that they form. Also, emphasis is placed on the functions performed.

Anatomy for the 8th grade

At the middle level of instruction the human anatomy is studied in the most detail and fully. Grade 8 involves a whole year of careful and extensive consideration of the issues of this discipline. During this period, everything is studied, beginning with the history of the development of anatomy and ending with questions of higher nervous activity and procreation.

Children are told about all the features of the structure and functioning of organ systems, their individual parts, provides detailed information on the influence of external factors on the development of people. The issues of evolution and formation of the human race are touched upon. That is, in complex with other sciences, the human anatomy is studied.

The textbook "Grade 8. Anatomy" contains brightly illustrated, qualitative and available information on all issues of discipline. In addition, it is accompanied by electronic manuals, which presume the study of science issues virtually. The textbook has workbooks for students, as well as a number of methodological guides for teachers.

This makes it possible to consolidate the knowledge that biology gives (human anatomy). 8th grade is not the only one, during which anatomical questions are touched upon, however, the main one.

Discipline in the 9th form of the school

In some schools, this science is relevant at a later time - in the course of the 9th grade. Many believe that, because of the complexity of the subject, it is best to assimilate into this teenage, more adult period of the formation of children's consciousness.

However, there is no doubt that even earlier study of the discipline is no less effective. After all, there are many sections that biology offers students. 9th grade "Human Anatomy" shifts to earlier stages of study such complex questions as the molecular structure of cells and organisms in general, evolutionary teaching. Therefore, it is difficult to say at what age it is better to study the course of anatomy. Anatomy is a science that primarily studies the structure and functions of the human body. Therefore, to postpone the study "in the long box" hardly makes sense.

Grade 10 and Anatomy

Earlier (until the 1980s), this discipline in general took place only in high school. It was at the last stage of training that anatomy appeared. 10 class was considered the most suitable time for this.

Modern children grow in an era of intense transformation in science and technology. Their consciousness is more full, they have become much more developed and more capable. The volume of material for study has also increased significantly, methods (methods of teaching) have changed (improved). Therefore, the transfer of the study of anatomy to the 8th class has its logical explanations and is not something negative.

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