Accounting for loans and borrowings in accounting. Short-term loans. Bank loans

Accounting - the procedure in which the registers of the company's financial services reflect business transactions related to loans and borrowings. What are the specifics of these records? Through what postings in accounting are reflected long-term obligations and short-term credits and loans?

What is the difference between a loan and a loan?

To begin with, we will study some theoretical aspects of accounting for the obligations in question. So, before we consider how accounting of loans and borrowings in accounting is implemented, it is possible to study the differences between them. These criteria can be identified by referring to the provisions of Russian civil law.

Concerning the loan: in accordance with the agreement, one party that acts as a lender passes ownership of another economic entity - the borrower, money or other resources, and after a while the second returns the first property or equivalent to it.

Loan agreements can be signed by both organizations and individuals. This agreement must be concluded in writing, unless otherwise provided by law.

A party to an ordinary loan agreement can be any citizen or organization. Operations of the appropriate type are not licensed and, as a rule, are not limited. In the order that is regulated by civil law, for example, a loan can be obtained from the founder or a partner organization.

In turn, a loan is a loan that can be provided by the organization only in the status of a financial institution that assumes a license from the CBR. Registration of loans, in turn, is carried out on the basis of the norms of not only the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, but also other, financial sources of law. However, they should be provided only on the basis of a written agreement. Bank loans are generally considered to be urgent and interest-bearing.

An agreement between a financial institution and a borrower in many cases presupposes the provision of an appropriate loan by any asset, surety, or through the conclusion of a special agreement with the insurance company. Thus, the principal differences between loans and loans are that obligations of the first type:

• Arise due to the conclusion of the organization of the agreement with a specialized financial institution with a license from the CBR,
• Assume the transfer by the lender to the borrower in all cases of money;
• Arise due to the conclusion between the parties of legal relations of a written contract.

The contract between the creditor and the borrower fixes all the basic terms of the loan: the amount of the amount transferred from one party to another, the amount and conditions for calculating interest, penalties.

The object of accounting for transactions on loans in the accounting

Let's consider now with what objects the account of credits and loans in accounting can be correlated. The main business operations are those arising from the fulfillment by the enterprise of the contract, according to which one entity - the creditor or lender - transfers, as we noted above, to the borrower another money, while the second undertakes to return the first amount taken, and Also if it is stipulated by the agreement - also interest.

In some cases, the subject of the agreement may be a tangible object - real estate or equipment, an intellectual product (for example, software). In rare cases, the borrower is expected to return a smaller amount than was taken under the contract. As a rule, this is possible if the parties to the agreement are the Central Bank of the state in which the policy of negative interest rates has been adopted, as well as private credit and financial organizations. In Russia, the key rate of the Central Bank is now quite high, so loans drawn up between different market participants almost always involve payment of interest.

Accounting of loans and loans in accounting is realized on special accounts 66 and 67. The first reflects operations on short-term loans, the second - on long-term. The order of the relevant accounting is approved by a separate source of law - PBU 15/2008. We will study in more detail how these procedures are implemented based on the provisions of the regulatory legislation.

Procedure for accounting for borrowing transactions in accounting: regulatory regulation

In accordance with the rules of law, for which the accounting of loans and borrowings in accounting is to be carried out, the amount of the enterprise's liabilities - if it is a borrower, is reflected in the accounting registers on the basis of the content of the contract with the creditor. Information on the timing of loan repayment should also be disclosed in reporting sources.

Loans and loans are classified into 2 types - short-term and long-term, and their accounts are accounted for by the accounts that are listed above. The costs associated with loans should be reflected in the accounting separately from the amounts taken under the loan agreement. These costs are reflected in accounting documents for the period in which they appeared. They should also be evenly included in the structure of other expenses of the organization.

With the use of special accounting accounts amounts that correspond to the principal amount or interest accrued on long-term or short-term loans or loans, accounting entries are generated using accounting accounts. Let's consider their specificity.

Accounting for loan commitments: accounts and entries

In general, as we noted above, long-term and short-term loans and credits are reflected in accounts 66 and 67. Analytic accounting of the corresponding liabilities is carried out on the basis of their classification in a specific category, as well as separately (each loan is treated as an independent legal relationship).

The principal amount that an enterprise owes is fixed in accounting as part of the creditor's debt in the amount that is reflected in the contract. Also the firm should reflect in the account information about the received funds in the form of loans. In the financial statements, the maturity of liabilities must also be recorded.

Borrowing costs must be accounted for separately from their principal amounts, in a certain billing period and subject to inclusion in the structure of other expenses. At the same time, it does not matter on what terms the borrowed funds are provided. As part of interest accounting, the company's accounting registers use credit transactions for such accounts as 66 or 67, and also correspond to those for which specific sources of payments are reflected.

Interest on obligations can be attributed to the cost of purchasing inputs, if the principal amount of the corresponding cash is directly related to them and invested before the entry of the relevant resources. If this condition is not met, then interest should be accounted for as part of the transaction costs - using account 91.

The corresponding amount of capital can be directed to investing in non-current resources. In this case, interest on loans is reflected through postings:

• On the credit of account 08, as well as to the credit of the main accounts of debt accounting in the case, the interest was paid until the funds were put into operation;
• On the debit of account 91 and the credit of the main accounts if the corresponding money is transferred after the fixed assets have been accepted into production.

If the loan is not returned in time or if interest is paid with delinquencies, the penalties under the loan agreement should be reflected in the accounting by posting on the debit of account 91.2.

Thus, if the amounts are taken on credit and used for investment in non-current assets, then the accountant performs their accounting through the following transactions:

• Дт 08, Кт 66 (or 67) in the accounting books, if the interest on loans is transferred to the creditor until the moment when the fixed assets are put into operation or, for example, assets relating to intangible assets are registered;
• Дт 91, Кт 66 (or 67), if the interest appears after the performed operations.

It is worth noting that in the event that the loan is settled by the enterprise with arrears, the fines stipulated in the contract are included in the structure of expenses that are classified as non-operating. In this case, postings are generated in the debit of account 91. At the same time, as soon as the loan or loan is repaid, in accounting, the corresponding transaction is confirmed by the following entry in the registers: Дт 66 (or 67), Кт 50 (or, for example, 51, 52 or 55).

Liabilities repaid in a timely manner and those that are met after the deadline set by the contract must be accounted for separately. Accounting for settlements on loans of short-term and long-term type is carried out, as we already know, also carried out separately. It will be useful to consider the specifics of accounting for each type of transactions.

Accounting of obligations

Concerning long-term obligations - there are 2 main methods of their accounting.

First, you can create postings on account 67 before the loan or loan maturity period expires. Secondly, transactions can be reflected in the relevant account until the moment when 365 days remain until the corresponding obligations are paid off.

If the period is less, then an account 66 should already be used, which, in turn, takes into account short-term loans. The way in which long-term loans are reflected in accounting - according to 1 or 2 schemes, must be approved in the accounting policy of the firm.

There is a special category of loans - formed by the issuance of securities by the company. Let's study them in more detail.

Loans due to issue: features of accounting

Characteristics of the borrowed funds in question are as follows. It is worth noting that the postings used to account for the obligations in question are applied the same as in the case of conventional loans and loans.

The main feature of accounting for transactions with borrowed funds arising from an issue is that if securities are placed at a value higher than the nominal value or corresponding to it, then the following should be used:

• Дт 51, Кт 66 or 67 (for amounts corresponding to the nominal value of the issued securities);
• Дт 51, Кт 98 (on the sums reflecting increase in cost of the emitted securities concerning nominal).

At the same time, the amount reflected in account 98 should be written off on a regular basis within the timeframe for the circulation of securities to account 91.

If the securities are placed at a value below the nominal value, then the corresponding difference should be accrued evenly within the period of the bonds turnover using the entry Дт 91.1, Кт 66 (or 67).

The firm in the section of accounting policy, which accounts for the settlement of loans and borrowings, can record that the reduction in the value of the emitted securities must be previously taken into account in the structure of future costs. If this is the case, the posting of Dt 97, Kt 66 (or 67) will be used to record business transactions in the accounting registers.

The increase in the nominal price of the loan relative to the cost of its placement is included in the structure of operating expenses monthly during the circulation period of securities using the following entry in the registers: Дт 91.2, Кт 97.

Interest should be taken separately from the principal. Reflection of transactions with them in the framework of transactions with bonds is carried out using the entry Дт 91.2 Кт 66, 67.

The firm can approve in the accounting policy the rate at which the accounting for the costs of loans and credits in the payment of interest on bonds, in turn, will also be included in the structure of future costs. In this case, the wiring is to be done Dr 97, Rm. 66, 67.

The amount of interest on securities, while their turnover is taking place, forms operating expenses - the components of its amount are reflected monthly by the record Дт 91.2 Кт. 97.

Basic and additional costs of obligations

The costs associated with the use of borrowed funds by the enterprise may be basic or additional. The first ones are, first of all, the interest, stipulated by the contract. The second most often - the exchange rate difference.

The main costs should be included in the structure of the company's operating expenses. In order to correctly take into account in this case the loan, the following transactions are applied: Дт 91.2, Кт. 66 (or 67).

The additional costs are most often those that are associated with the payment of intermediary services for the loan, consultants. It is also customary to include taxes and fees in the relevant category of costs. In order to correctly take into account the appropriate loan or credit scheme, the following transactions are applied: Дт 91.2, Кт 60 (or 76).

Accounting for debts when buying fixed assets

Certain nuances are characterized by the accounting of loans and loans issued by the enterprise for the purpose of investing in fixed assets. The way in which these liabilities are accounted for depends on whether accrual of depreciation for the relevant funds occurs. If not, then the costs associated with the execution of the loan are included in the structure of operating expenses.

A specific list of fixed assets, for which amortization should not be accrued, is fixed in Russian PBUs. Accounting for loans and borrowings, in the event that depreciation is charged, involves the inclusion of the corresponding costs in the original value of resources related to fixed assets. The appropriate order can be applied if:

• The firm had costs related to the acquisition or construction of fixed assets;
• The time for the transfer of interest on a loan or loan has come;
• The value of the OS facility is included in the structure of capital investments.

Another important criterion - the OS object should not be put into operation.

In order to take into account the loans and credits under the relevant scheme, a special account should be used for account accounting. 08. With its use, the posting is posted Дт 08, Кт 66 (or 67). But if the conditions noted are not met, then the costs for liabilities are accounted for in the framework of transaction costs. In this case, the wiring is applied, Дт 91.2, Кт. 66 (or 67).

Accounting for debts when purchasing materials

The enterprise can issue bank loans or partner loans in case it is necessary to invest also in materials used in production. To account for such economic transactions, posting is used, according to which interest is included in the structure of the cost of materials: Дт 10, Кт. 66 (or 67).

It should be noted that the interest payable increases the price of materials only if their accrual is carried out prior to the entry of the relevant resources in the warehouse of the firm. If they are accrued after capitalization, then interest should be included in the structure of operating expenses. Debit posting using account 91.2 is used.

Accounting for promissory notes

Let's consider one more significant aspect of legal relations with the participation of creditors and borrowers: accounting for loans related to bills. The economic transactions that correspond to them are reflected through the postings:

• Дт 51 (52), Кт 66 (or 67), if it is a question of actually accepted money resources;
• Дт 91.2, Кт 66 (or 67) in other cases.

Interest, or conversely, amounts reflecting the decline in the value of bills are accounted for in the same manner as those arising from the company as a result of the issue of securities. Closing of transactions in the framework of the circulation of bills is carried out in accordance with the notice of the banking organization on the repayment of the debt by recording Dt 66, 67, Kt 62, 76.

If the organization owning the bill refunds the funds received from the bank upon recording the decrease in the value of the debt obligations due to failure to fulfill the terms of the contract by the original drawer, then wiring Дт 66, 67, Кт 50, 51 applies.

If, within the framework of a firm's calculations with customers or customers, there are receivables that are secured by promissory notes, then they must be accounted for in the debits of the accounting records.

If in the calculations of a firm with banks, holders of bills of exchange or lenders, interrelated economic entities participate, their accounting is conducted using accounts 66 or 67 separately.