Types of drills for metal, wood and concrete. Types of drills and their purpose

The purpose of any drill is to create different types of depressions and holes in a given material. This process is due to the rotation of the cutting element around its axis. In addition to creating new holes, these tools can also be used to expand old ones that have a small diameter. According to its design, application and production method, all types of drills have noticeable differences. Let us consider them in more detail.

Classification by type and form of the working part

Due to the different kinds of tasks and functions, the elements have different forms of working part and are classified as follows:

• Screw type drill. Its second name is spiral. It is the most common, because in everyday life it is used most often. This tool, whose length - from 5 to 20 or more centimeters, will help in drilling both wood and other materials: metals, ceramics, concrete. The ruler of models of spiral instruments is available in diameter from 0.1 mm to 3 cm.
• The drill is flat type. It has the shape of a feather. This feature gave him another name - a feather. First of all, it is used to create deep holes of a relatively large diameter. The cutting element of such a tool is made in the form of a blade.
• For the performance of the deep drilling robot, long products are used, which have two screw channels. Through them comes a special liquid, a cooling tool during the working process. In most cases, the channels are placed inside the drill.
• There is also such a kind, as a drill of unilateral cutting. It applies only in cases where the future hole must be made with high accuracy. Thanks to a single reference plane and the location of both cutting edges on one side of the axis, the result of working with this tool is of high quality.
• A drill is like a ring. The structure of this type is interesting in that it is hollow inside. Due to this design, a narrow ring emerges during drilling. These types of drills have another name - crowns.
• To make a center hole, a so-called centering piece can be used. It is in any hardware store.

As a result, we can conclude that there are a variety of types of drills. And their purpose is also different. Let's look at the methods of sharpening.

Types of sharpening drills

Having examined the types and forms of working surfaces, it is necessary to open the question of sharpening these elements. The process, or rather its appearance, depends entirely on the tasks that will be performed by this tool.

There are the following types of sharpening:

• Ordinary, spiral. It is used for work with steel, nonferrous metals, plastic.
• For cast iron. The name speaks for itself - for work with a mixture of cast iron.
• Transverse podotochka on the edge. For all types of drilling jobs.
• With centering point. For work with soft materials.
• Cone-shaped view with a subflow.
• Treatment with a pointed jumper and main blade for adjustment. It is used for strong steel.

Classification by shank design

There is a classification of drills, the main criterion of which is the structure of the rear part - the tool shank.

According to this classification, there are the following types of tools:

• Cylindrical type.
• The cone-shaped.
• The grandees. With six, four or three facets.
• SDS products.

Production technology

Some types of drills are made of solid metal workpiece. These include tools with a diameter exceeding 8 mm. Drills with diameters up to 6 mm are made of alloys.

This is special steel, which is also called high-speed steel. Those kinds of tools, whose diameter exceeds 8 mm, are made by welding. The shank of such products is made of an alloy of carbon steel. And the cutting part is made of high - speed alloy steel . To handle fragile and brittle materials (softwood, some metals), a drill with carbide-tipped plates is used. Such tools are equipped with grooves of different shapes. There are straight, screw and bevelled type.

Classification by the shape of holes

The shape of the holes produced is another method of classifying products. According to this characteristic, they are divided into the following types:

• Conical shape.
• Square.
• Stepped.
• Cylindrical.

Classification by coating

The material covered by the drill is a very important characteristic of the tool.

The coating determines the durability and efficiency of this tool. According to this parameter, the following products are available:

• A budgetary version of the drill cover is an oxide film. The function of this coating is to protect the tool from corrosion and to protect it from overheating. Due to the oxide film, the service life is extended.
• Ceramic coating. It is made from titanium nitride. Due to this, this type of coating increases the operating life of the tool by three times. But here there is one minus. Such drills are forbidden to sharpen.
• As a derivative of the previous coating type, titanium-aluminum nitride was created. In this case, the resource of the drill is increased by 5 times.
• Similar to the action with titanium-aluminum nitride is titanium carbonitride.
• The most durable and wear-resistant are tools that are coated with diamond dusting.

Types of drills for metal

For work on non-ferrous metals, cast iron and steel, spiral products are perfectly suitable.

The chips, which form during processing, go along the carved grooves. Drills for work on metal have differences between each other not only in the material and coating, from which they were made, but also in the type of the shank. To determine the quality of the instrument, you do not need to be a high-class specialist. It is enough to look at the color of the coating. Tools of poor quality have a gray tint. If the color of the product is black - this is a sign of a higher quality. The drill of a bright golden hue signals that the instrument is covered with titanium nitride and its quality is excellent. Speaking about the strength of the material itself, from which the drill is made, it can be noted that it must be carbide-tipped. After all, metals in themselves have high strength. Therefore, for their processing, a material is required that will have more strength.

For wood processing

When it is necessary to make several small holes in the material of wood, the simplest spiral drill is suitable for this . For high precision work, or when it is necessary to make a large hole, use special tools for working with wood. Produce them from tool steel, carbon-containing or alloyed. To work on metal, such a tool is not used.

Types of drills for wood:

• Spiral type.
• Screw-like.
• According to the type of pen or pen.
• Crowns for wood processing.
• Forsner's drill.

For working with concrete

To work with more solid surfaces (concrete, brick, stone) you need a very strong product that has a hard tip. The alloy, from which the types of drills for concrete are produced , has high strength characteristics. The work with such a tool is performed with the help of shock-rotational mechanisms (punch). Most often, SDS shanks are used for this type. To perform a certain drilling, the types of drills need to be selected of the appropriate type. To make a small hole in solid concrete it is necessary to apply a drill in the form of a screw with a hard tip. For large holes it is necessary to use special gear crowns made of hard alloy. As a rule, they are coated with diamond coating. This is necessary for greater efficiency and longer service life.