The climate of Moscow. Climatic zone of the Moscow region

Climate and weather in Moscow and the Moscow region - the topic of this article. We will describe in detail all the weather features characteristic of the capital region.

Location of Moscow Region

The Moscow region is located in the center of the East European Plain. It borders with the Tver region in the north and north-west, with Yaroslavl in the north-east, with the Vladimir region in the east, Ryazan in the southeast, Tula in the south, and Kaluga in the south-west, with Smolensk - in the west. The city of Moscow is in the center of the Moscow region. Its relief is mostly flat. Hilly hills are in the west, reaching 160 meters in height. Extensive lowlands are located in the east.

Continental climate

The climate of the Moscow region is moderately continental. It is transitional from the European, the soft, to the sharply continental Asian. The fact that the region is remote from large water spaces, such as the seas and oceans, explains this feature. Moscow as a climatic zone is interesting in that seasonality is clearly expressed here: warm summers, moderately cold winters. It must be borne in mind that in the direction from the north-west to the southeast, continentality is increasing. This is reflected, among other things, in a lower temperature in the winter season and in a higher temperature in the summer.

You may also be interested in what climatic zone in Moscow stands out. In Russia, there are the following options: I, II, III, IV and a special one. So what is the climatic belt in Moscow? According to temperature data, it refers to the II belt.

Climate moderation and clearly pronounced seasonality

The climate of the Moscow region differs from the similar for other regions of Russia in that moderation of natural conditions is observed here. There are relatively mild winters and not too hot summer. The climatic zone of Moscow, like the rest of the northern hemisphere, is characterized by a strong warming in the last 50 years. This is reflected in a significant increase in the number of hot days in the year. In addition, winters come later. They become softer, with frequent and prolonged thaws. However, despite all these changes, in general, the climate of Moscow and the region expresses quite clearly the seasonality of 4 seasons: summer, autumn, spring and winter.

Read more about climate change

Scientists from Russia believe that the main cause of climate change is human activity. First of all, it is the burning of fossil fuels. In the atmosphere, the concentration of carbon dioxide increases year by year, which is confirmed by the measurements carried out on the territory of our country. Not just warming is noted - there is a change in the main characteristics of the climate. Droughts are becoming more durable, they are capturing large areas. Often a lot of precipitation falls at a time. The result is an increase in the number of natural disasters that are associated with the climate. These are hurricanes, floods, forest fires. At first glance, it may seem that the health of the inhabitants of the northern country should be affected positively by warming. However, negative consequences can lead to such a climate change. In 2010, the "heat waves" observed in the summer, often coming with smog fires, led to an increase in mortality in Moscow. In addition, for this reason, significant amounts of forests are destroyed.

Global warming is an actual problem of our time, which can only be solved together. I would like the countries of the world to be more active in this direction.

Precipitation

The average annual temperature varies from +3.7 ° C to +3.8 ° C (according to some data, it reaches +5 ° C or even +5.8 ° C). 540-650 mm is the average annual rainfall that characterizes Moscow's climate belt (fluctuations range from 270 to 900 mm). For the summer season, they have a maximum, at the winter - a minimum. In the Moscow region, according to statistics, 171 days a year - with precipitation. At the same time, 2/3 of them fall in the form of rain and 1/3 - in the form of snow. On the territory of the region in some winters precipitation in the form of snow falls to half of the total annual rate. The most moistened are the northwestern regions. The southeast (the Kolomna district) is less humid. The Moscow region as a whole belongs to a zone of sufficient humidity. Despite this, it is also characterized by years with a deficit of precipitation. Of every hundred years, according to statistics, are arid in the suburbs 25-30. In December and January there is a maximum of humidity (86%), and the minimum is in May (67%).

Duration of daylight hours, average daily temperatures

The climate of Moscow and the region is characterized by the fact that during the year the sun shines 1,568 hours. In summer, the duration of daylight hours is about 15-17 hours. 206-216 days is a period characterized by positive air temperature values. 177 days a year, the thermometer column shows 5 ° C and above. The duration of a period characterized by active vegetation of plants when the temperature exceeds 10 ° C does not exceed 138-140 days. 2050 ° C - the total temperature value at this time. From 250 to 270 mm of precipitation falls during the vegetation period. 120-135 days the time interval lasts, when the average daily temperatures fall below 0 ° C. It starts in mid-November and ends around the end of March.

About 34% of the possible sunshine is received by the Moscow region. The rest is absorbed because of the clouds. Fully clear days in the year - 17%, but absolutely cloudy - 32%. Most often clear days are in April, and November is rich in cloudy weather.

Winds

We continue to describe the type of climate in Moscow and turn to the story of the winds. The most frequent and strong are usually observed in winter (their average value is 4.7 m / s), and the weakest - in the summer (3.5 m / s). Within a day the distribution of winds is also uneven. Their greatest speeds are usually observed in the morning hours. Winds of weak force blow at night - this feature has a local type of climate. In Moscow, their speed is from 6 to 9 m / s about 1/5 of the entire annual period. Strong winds, whose speed is 15 m / s, according to statistics, are recorded in a very short period of time - only 8 to 15 days a year. The prevailing winds of the south-western, northern and western winds are characterized by the climate of Moscow and the region.

The beginning of the winter period, the duration of winter

The date when there is a stable transition through the value of the average daily air temperature of -5 ° C, is taken as the beginning of the winter period. This is usually November 26 or 27. The climatic zone of the Moscow region is characterized by a fairly long winter. Its duration is about 5 months. However, it is relatively cold. Winter begins in late November (its offensive can be postponed to early December) and lasts until April.

The first half of winter

Usually a snow cover appears in November. But sometimes there were times when it was observed at the end of September or, conversely, only in December. The permanent cover of snow disappears in mid-April (possibly earlier, at the end of March). At the same time, the climate of the city of Moscow is characterized by the fact that the first half of the winter is much warmer than the second. The average temperature in the west of the region is -8 ° C in winter. In the east it is -12 ° C. Unofficially near Moscow "pole of cold" is considered to be located in the extreme east of the region village Cherusti. Here in January the average temperature is -13 ° C.

The arrival of the winter anticyclone

Large masses of cold Arctic air enter the territory of the Moscow region with the advent of the winter anticyclone. Often the temperature reaches -25-30 ° C. At this time, severe frosts occur, which can last for up to 30 days during the winter. This occurs when arctic anticyclones, extensive and inactive, appear above the surface of the continent, which is strongly chilled. Frosts in some years reached -45 ° C. The absolute temperature minimum for a hundred years was registered in Naro-Fominsk. Here the temperature was -54 ° C (in Klin - 52 ° C, in Istra - 53 ° C). The second half of January, as well as the beginning of February, is the coldest season.

Thaw

With the arrival of warm air masses in winter (especially in February and December) thaws occur. They are caused by Mediterranean and (more often) Atlantic cyclones. As a rule, thaws are accompanied by heavy snowfalls. Temperatures in the midst of winter at this time suddenly rise to + 4-5 ° C. Thaws sometimes last for several days, and can last a week or more. 4 days is their average duration, and the total number can reach 50, from November to March. February is a blizzard, characterized by heavy snowfalls and snowstorms. This applies particularly in the second half of the month and indicates that there is still no intention of retreating winter at this time. Observed after heavy snowfall, sharp warming forms the so-called porridge on the roads. Another winter misfortune, which marked the climate of Moscow and the Moscow region, is frost. And if the puff turned into puddles after the thaw, it freezes, ice on the roads appears. In winter, strong winds (mainly in the western and south-western directions), huge icicles hanging from the roofs, snowstorms and fogs are sometimes observed.

The height of the snow cover, the freezing of the soil

The height of the snow cover on the average by the end of winter is 25-50 cm. On 65-75 cm the soil freezes (in the west of the region this mark is less). Freezing reaches a depth of 150 cm in low-snow, anomalously cold winters.

The beginning of spring

Let us now consider the features that the climate of Moscow and the region has in the spring. Spring usually starts in late March or early April. It lasts approximately until the second half of May or until the beginning of June.

During the first half of March, winter is at war with the spring. At this time, the weather in Moscow is unstable: snow hurricanes and frost alternate with the sunny days and thaw. This confusion is about to end mid-March. Gradually, the weather is getting better, the spring sun begins to heat up, the snow melts. 15 days is the average duration of the thawing period. Usually this process ends on April 2-8. This date practically coincides with the period when the average daily temperatures pass through the 0 ° C mark. 1-2 days after the snow cover comes down, the soil thaws. Most of the meltwater therefore slips at this time over frozen soil. If the area is poorly drained, the moisture stagnates in the plowing layer on the surface, causing a washing out of the crops, as well as superficial seasonal gleying. This is especially true for acidic soils. Usually in the third decade of April, the complete thawing of the land ends. In most cases, spring frosts stop on May 10-20. The time for the drying of the soil begins when the snow finally falls off. It lasts about 20-22 days. Usually the weather in Moscow and the region in mid-April gives local residents the opportunity to farm.

May

Completely nature comes to life in May. The climatic zone of Moscow is characterized at this time by the fact that leaves and leaves are blossoming on bushes and trees, the grass is green, many plants bloom, and the life of insects is activated. Colors and warmth smell in the air. The first May thunderstorms fill the space with the fragrant moisture of the blossoming plants at this time. Despite the fact that in May the average air temperature is +16 ° C in the daytime, cold returns are still probable at this time, and frosts on the soil. This month, the average daily temperature is 10.9-11.6 ° C.

Summer in the Moscow Region

The climate zone of Moscow is characterized by a warm summer. It lasts usually 3.5 months, from the end of May to September. On the average in the summer months about 75 mm of precipitation falls. However, in the Moscow region there are severe droughts every 25-30 years. At this time, precipitation falls less than 5 mm.

June

June is a relatively warm month. +19 ° C is the average daily temperature. However, at this time, cold returns are possible, when the prolonged rains and a sharp cooling can change the summer heat. In June, the average daily temperature is 14.6-15.3 ° C. 70 mm - the amount of precipitation this month (on average). On clay loam the moisture reserve is 180-220 mm in the soil layer in 1 m, on the sandy loam this figure is about 120-140 mm.

Weather in July

The warmest month of the year is July. In the west, the average daily temperature is +16,9 ° C, and in the southeast - +18 ° C. Daytime air temperature in summer sometimes can reach +35 and even +40 ° C. The maximum over the last hundred years was recorded in Bykovo (+39.7 ° C) and Kolomna (+39 ° C).

However, such heat is not a frequent phenomenon and is the exception to the rules. In the form of heavy rains, precipitation usually occurs. Often they are accompanied by thunderstorms. The most threatening areas are Mozhaisk, Stupino and Naro-Fominsk. Up to 80 mm of precipitation falls in July.

August in the Moscow Region

August is harvest time. At this time, there is rarely a hot weather. The temperature averages 15-15.5 ° C. The sun still pampers with its presence, but the nights get pretty cool. In August, the light day is significantly reduced, precipitation is added, and cloud days become larger.

Beginning of autumn

In the Moscow region, the fall is quite long, warm and humid. It usually begins in early September. This is a moderately warm month, but it already feels cold in the air. + 9,6-10,1 ° C is the average daily temperature in September. Visibly less than in summer, a light day continues, therefore all processes in the wild nature are slowed down. The leaves turn yellow, dressed in motley elegant clothes near Moscow forests. This is a beautiful time of year. For a few days in the middle of September, the sunny warm weather returns. The air temperature can reach + 22-25 ° C. Such period in the people is called a woman's summer. This is the last warm year in the year, and at this time, some bushes and trees often bloom repeatedly.

September 10-14 is the time at the end of the active vegetation. During the same period, a transition is observed through the 10 ° C mark of the average daily temperature, which ends on October 8-12. September 20-23 the first frosts come.

October

October is a cold, rainy and cloudy month. Only + 3.2-4 ° C is the average daily temperature. Precipitation usually has the form of rain, rain with snow or snow. Their number is about 50 mm per month. Even shorter is the light day. The last leaves drop trees. Vegetation stops, processes in wildlife slow down.

Weather features of November

November is already almost a winter, a cold month. About 0 ° C is at this time the average daily temperature. At the same time, there is a tendency to minus its values. The monthly rainfall is 40 mm at this time (mainly in the form of snow). A short light day is observed, in the winter anabiosis the living nature flows. Steady frosts begin in the area from the second half of this month. -3,2-2,2 ° C is the average daily temperature of November.

Now you know what kind of weather the capital of our country can meet you at this or that time of the year - the city of Moscow. What climate zone corresponds to the Moscow region - now for you also is not a secret. We hope that the information provided will be useful to you.