Productivity is the formula of calculation. Average labor productivity, formula

Labor productivity is a universal criterion characterizing the effectiveness of labor costs in material production. Its universality lies in two spheres of its use as an instrument: private - with respect to individual production by an employee, shop, enterprise, and a public, country, or even a group of countries.

It should be recognized that this indicator is a really useful economic indicator that demonstrates the basic criterion of production efficiency, which determines, say, in the most particular case, how many products the worker will produce per man-hour (thus, the criterion of the level of social production is the economic characteristics-labor productivity .)

The formula for calculating it exists in several variants that take different account of the various factors affecting production. And there are many of them. If we talk about the development of the enterprise, such factors will be its automation and product quality improvement , reduction of costs and material consumption, progressive logistics schemes and energy efficiency, tax optimization, and improvement of the capital structure.

The Russian economy in the system of international labor productivity

The level of living labor costs in the production of material goods characterizes the technological nature of social production. This indicator is an important criterion of the country's economic potential. Russia in this indicator is the leader among the CIS countries, showing its growth from 1999 to 2011 by 60%. However, as statistics show, such growth became possible due to the fact that on the eve, in the period from 1989 to 1998, the country systematically reduced labor productivity. The formula for calculating its dynamics, compiled by the World Bank, showed that over the last decade, Russians have managed to significantly improve the competitiveness of the country's economy. In 2010, labor productivity in the Russian economy was 43% of the level of the developed countries included in the Organization for Economic Development and Cooperation (which includes 34 states, including the United States, Canada and the EU countries) and 75% of the level of countries recently included in this community.

Historical evaluation of the dynamics of labor productivity

An interesting analysis of the dynamics of labor productivity in Russia was presented by Valentin Mikhailovich Kudrov, Doctor of Economics, Head of the Center for International Economic Comparisons. He compared the productivity of labor between the USSR and the USA at different times. The scientist believes that under Khrushchev this figure for the Soviet Union was at the level of 35% of the US level, and under Brezhnev (which was in any way not covered) significantly decreased - to 27%. At the present time, having overcome the crisis phenomena, Russia once again reached the level of this ratio, even slightly surpassing "Khrushchev".

As the scientist considers, on a way of increase of efficiency of a social production it is necessary to improve the social structure, overcoming the system centers of inefficiency, connected with:

- ineffective work organization ;

- full utilization of obsolete production facilities;

- unqualified staff;

- the inadequacy of labor legislation to the challenges of modern times;

- obsolete technologies;

- bureaucratic barriers;

- Insufficient staff motivation;

- Deficiency of market financial flows.

Labor productivity as an accent of modern economic policy

Further increase in labor productivity economists link with the increase in manufacturability of production. The extensive way is irrelevant. The executive power, implementing strategic planning for economic development, must certainly monitor the compliance of macroeconomic indicators of GDP and labor costs for its production. The significance of the problem of increasing labor productivity was manifested in the state planning of the corresponding measures. In 2012, Russian President Vladimir Putin signed Decree No. 596, which plans a long-term economic policy until 2018. In this document we are talking about increasing labor productivity in the Russian national economic complex by one and a half times, compared with the level of 2011. To realize this idea, as the president himself commented, it will be possible only through the implementation of innovative scenarios of economic dynamization. And in key sectors of the economy should go to the line of fourfold increase in labor productivity!

Essence of increasing labor productivity

The problem of the cumulative reduction of production costs with a reduction in the specific weight of living labor is a distinctive feature of modern technology. At the same time, the process of increasing labor productivity is not hidden, it is visualized by increasing the volume of products while ensuring a high level of its quality: production becomes more efficient. The latter means not only an increase in its volume, but also a reduction in the cost per unit of output; Optimization of the circulation cycle of goods; Maximization of the rate of profit.

In addition, a long-term tendency to improve the quality of labor should be accompanied by an increase in its payment (as a motivational factor for increasing individual performance indicators by staff). At the executive level, the effectiveness of a person's work must be constantly compared with his personal well-being. A progressive society should systematically correlate the social status of a person with his work activity.

Productivity of labor. Formula number 1

It is obvious that the management of the process of increasing labor productivity must be based on the methods for determining and evaluating it. Plans to improve the efficiency of the use of living labor are compiled using two indicators. Classically, the productivity of labor is determined on the basis of production, as well as labor intensity. The output can be defined as a quotient obtained from dividing the volume of manufactured goods (O) by the time spent for manufacturing it, calculated according to the spent living labor (T) (see formula 1).

B = O / T (1)

Labor intensity is the inverse of production, that is, it shows how much time an employee must spend on making a product of a certain value (see formula 2.).

W = T / Q (2)

It should also be clarified that the volume of manufactured products is calculated in the value (most universal, common), natural, conditional-natural and labor form.

In the extractive industry, the natural form prevails, in the light industry - conditionally-natural. The labor method uses the technique when the actual time spent is compared with the normative one.

Usually the output is calculated on the conditional time intervals, which clearly demonstrate the effort (man-days, person-hour). However, it is obvious that this formula is approximate, qualitative. After all, in practice, the non-linear function is labor productivity. The calculation formula as a minimum must depend on the number of production workers (i.e., take into account the scale of production) and the indifference of production.

Labor productivity: the time pressure of extensive development

Quite specific is the relationship between labor productivity and quality of products. At present, semi-automatic production organization prevails in Russian industry. With this state of affairs, an increase in the norms of production will inevitably lead the worker to an increase in "manual labor." The latter circumstance, if he is inexperienced, means failure to fulfill his plan, and in the case of availability of qualification, the quality of the product will decrease.

How can labor productivity be increased extensively? The calculation formula will show: increasing the duration of the working day, (or moving to a six-day work week). The profitability will indeed increase insignificantly due to the fact that the fixed costs will remain unchanged. However, in the long run this leads only to one thing: social tension: "the lower classes do not want, but the upper classes can not."

Labor productivity in non-productive sectors of the economy

Only in the production sphere should the productivity of labor be determined? The US economy, for example, shows a trend of a significant excess of the share of services in GDP. For example, in 2010 the share of American material production in the country's GDP was less than 20%! Hence it becomes evident that the productivity of the engineer, analyst is determined by other criteria, different from those of the industrial worker. For them, the qualification indicators in the use of special programs, access to reference data are relevant. Also, their competence is influenced by the competence of management and the coherence of the work collective.

Regarding the same managerial level, the most important criteria are knowledge of the features of the entrusted enterprise and the manager's experience.

Productivity of labor. Formula 2

For greater relevance of the formula for determining labor productivity (P), we will include in it labor costs, as well as an idle factor. Simple will be accounted for by Kp (idle factor), defined as the ratio of the actual idle time to the total working time. Invested in the production of "manual labor," expended labor collective, will be expressed through T1 - individual labor costs per worker, and H - the number of employees. Thus, we obtained the second formula for determining labor productivity (see formula 3):

P = (O * (1 - Kpr)) / (T1 * H) (3)

However, as we have already mentioned, labor productivity is a complex and non-linear concept. Its formula, as obviously, depends not only on the human factor.

The formula for labor productivity with costs

The problem of expediency of investments into production is a complex problem - the main criterion of the effectiveness of the country's economy. It relies on the evaluation of labor productivity, analyzing it in many ways. The investor must know in advance what costs will be incurred in his production cycle by the company he founded. Therefore, it is expedient for him to estimate what costs he will incur for 1 ruble of output. Accordingly, the above formula will be expanded at the expense of products related to unit costs of production: short-term (capital costs); EE (operating costs); P (repair costs); FROM (labor payment); H (taxes and mandatory payments); Other expenditures (administrative, other).

(1 - Kpr)) / (3 * T1 * R) = (O * (1 - Kpr)) / ((K3 + S3 + P + OT + H + Ap) * T1 * H)

Strategies for managers to increase productivity

Consideration of the economic characteristics we are studying in the context of microeconomics assumes a multifactorial environment. The leading direction in the development of industry is rightly considered to be automation. Thus, the functions of control and management that are imperfectly performed by the employees are deliberately transferred to specialized devices and automatic devices.

Many well-known managers, starting to manage the company, begin to struggle for labor productivity from organizational events: simplifying the structure, cutting down workers who do not cope with production norms, sharpening logistics, optimizing the back office. They also use the optimization of the range of products produced by the criterion of profitability.

Average labor productivity

It is quite rare that companies and manufacturing enterprises produce a range of products consisting of only one product. It is obvious that each position of the assortment of products entails different production costs. How is the average productivity of labor determined? The formula defining the average output (B _c ) consists of the sum of products of the number of manufactured products for each item of the assortment (O _i ) multiplied by the corresponding conversion factor (K _i ) (see formula 4):

In _c = Σ O _{i *} K _{i (4)}

The coefficient itself is defined as follows:

- the least laborious position of the assortment is identified;

- the laboriousness of any other of its positions is divided into minimal labor intensity. This is the required coefficient.

The aforementioned sum of products equates, by means of conversion factors, the production of heterogeneous products to the production of a homogeneous product that has minimal labor input.

Conclusion

To achieve the current level of labor productivity, especially for investors, many factors should be taken into account: material, technical, labor, financial. All of them, these factors, should be integrated with managers in order to create a strategy of really promising and successful production.

However, even with the best organization the leading role in the progress of labor productivity at the enterprise belongs to the labor collective: the production and non-productive personnel. It is these people who are best able to see the untapped potential of their "own" enterprise. Accordingly, they should be interested in partnering with the company's management: to find reserves for increasing labor productivity: to increase production volumes, save costs, and reduce labor intensity.

If the personnel of the enterprise acts on the factors of production indirectly - through management, then on the reserves - directly. What are reserves? Let's answer briefly: this is a rationalization work in two directions: technical and organizational. Reserves, unlike factors (which are a strategic category) are reflected more quickly and at shorter intervals of time, their use demonstrates tactics of increasing labor productivity by the enterprise.