Name of ferns, species. Names of fern organs and structures

One of the oldest plants on our planet is the fern. It grows both in tropical forests and in wetlands. To date, more than 20 thousand species of this unique plant are known. The name of the ferns and their structure will be discussed in detail in this article.

Description

Representatives of the fern order belong to the department of higher plants. They have a conductive tissue that delivers substances and water to all organs. There are plants from the root, stem and well-developed leaves. Flowers and seeds are absent. More details of the names of the fern organs will be considered below. These plants can be found almost anywhere in the world. However, in the humid tropics, their great diversity is concentrated. By the size of these plants are as very small (several centimeters), and quite tall and powerful (up to 20 meters).

Names of fern organs and structures

Roots. In this plant they are subordinate. This means that the root practically does not develop, shoots and leaves are formed instead of it. Stems are quite diverse, both in terms of internal structure and appearance. In some ferns, they may be creeping or curly, but most often there are ordinary straight lines. From the stem, rather large leaves leave. They perform the functions of sporulation and photosynvhesis. On the underside of the leaves, sporophylls mature. Getting on the ground, "female" spores grow into sprouts, which are small heart-shaped plates. As a rule, their diameter is not more than one centimeter. On the surface of the plates are the so-called "female" genital organs. From masculine spores are formed micro-sprouts in which sperm ripen. They are carried by the wind, falling on trees, grass, etc. After ripening of the shell and its rupture, "male" seeds are in the external environment. With water, sperm enters the female growth. So there is a new plant. At the same time, the heart-shaped bud withers and dies. Some ferns can propagate in a vegetative manner. In this case, new plants are formed on old leaves lying on the ground. Over time, they take root in the soil and germinate. Ferns do not have cambium. That is why their strength and growth are limited, and the stems do not form annual rings. Here are such unique plants - ferns.

Types and names

Some representatives of this group are exclusively decorative. Other ferns, photos and names of which are described in this article, have healing properties. Still others are widely distributed in culinary arts (eagles, ostrich, brown osmundra). There are also poisonous plants, for example, shield. Ferns, depending on the habitat, are divided into land and water. Also there is another large group - tree-like.

Nephrolepis

The homeland of this amazingly beautiful houseplant is tropical America. It has long, curved arc vei with magnificent wavy leaves.

Strausser ordinary

Its name was given to the plant due to the similarity of the leaves with the shape of the ostrich feathers. It grows on the outskirts of bogs, in damp forests and floodplains of rivers. Rapidly multiplying, the plant forms dense thickets. It is the ostrich who uses florists to compose bouquets and floral arrangements.

The Woman's Cochair

It grows in gray dark places. It can be seen in ravines and forest peat bogs. The kitten forms bumps in the swampy terrain. Its strongly dissected leaves have a light green color. In winter they die. The root is short, but thick enough. In spring new young leaves start to grow. The plant reproduces by spores.

Flebodeium golden

This plant grows on trees, attaching to the trunk with "legs". It has a creeping rhizome with soft brownish-golden scales, from which pinnate leaves of about 1.5 meters long extend.

Orlyak

The height of this plant can reach more than 60 centimeters. It occurs almost everywhere, even on dry and poor soils. The fern has a horizontally branched long rhizome, from which yellow solitary leaves leave. The roots of this plant have medicinal properties and are used in medical science.

Maidenhair

In the people this plant is called "venene hair." It has very thin and long (up to 35 centimeters) light green leaves, located on black stems. The Adianum loves penumbra. It can be grown on household plots or at home.

Shield

In nature, this plant grows in the mountains among rocks or in a shady forest. In height, it can reach from 30 to 150 centimeters. The Shield has a powerful rhizome, from which leaves leave on long petioles, forming a goblet rosette. The plant is developing very slowly. In some cases, the name of ferns is due to their biological characteristics. This can be said about the shield. On the underside of the leaves of the plant there are spore-bearing organs, covered with kidney-like platinum, like shields. This feature also gave the name of the fern. The plant is poisonous. Nevertheless, many healers use his rhizome to make medicinal potions.

Family Cytaine

Includes more than 600 plant species. These tree-like ferns are prevalent mainly in humid tropical zones. The height of plants can reach more than twenty meters. The stability of the fern is possible due to the dense plexus of the rigid accessory roots, which make up the trunk cover. Leaves are usually pinnate and very large. Their length can be up to six meters. Some types of ferns (names and photos are shown on this page) have oval sections of the air-bearing tissue at the place where the segments are attached to the core of the leaf plate. They serve for gas exchange. In some plants airborne areas are exposed above the leaf.

Cibotic family

They grow mainly in the forests of Asia, Central America, Mexico, South China and the Hawaiian Islands. Representatives of this family have a straight stem. Leaves - twice or thrice pinnate. The top of the trunk is covered with a protective covering consisting of soft long hairs. Young leaves of this plant can be eaten.

Thyrsotypers

The representative of this family - fern Thyrsopteris elegans grows only on the island of Juan Fernandez, located in the Pacific Ocean near South America. Its height is about 1.5 meters.

Kultzite

Represented by large ferns with creeping trunk. The length of the plant, as a rule, is not more than 50 centimeters. Leaves - 4, 5-pinnate, small (up to 3 cm). Petioles are light or dark brown. The leaves are not fully developed, they are pubescent with light brown or reddish hairs. The names of the fern plants of this species are the following: Culcita coniifolia (grows in the north and in the center of South America) and C. macrocarpa (in the macaroniasian floristic region). The number of this species is steadily declining. That is why the fern of this species is listed in the protected plants of Portugal and Spain.

Water

The name of the ferns-marsileia and salvinia-belong to the third group of plants of the species we are describing. They live exclusively in water bodies.

Marileille four-leaved

This small perennial plant has wide, curved-round leaves. Sporocarpia 2-3 pieces are at the base of the petiole. Each of them has a length of about 5 millimeters. Usually the height of the marsilee does not exceed twenty centimeters. However, the petioles of floating leaves can reach 80 cm, and the rhizome - about 1 meter. Usually this kind of fern is used to decorate water bodies.

Salvinia

This plant is rare and needs protection. Very often Salvinia is grown specifically for the planting of aquariums. The plant can be seen in the reservoirs of botanical gardens. Outwardly, it does not look like the usual ferns. The stem of the salvinia is thin and long (about 15 cm). The leaves are collected in three. Two of them are integral, elliptical with a heart-shaped base. The third sheet is underwater. It is covered with hairs and is cut into filiform strips, similar to roots. This sheet absorbs nutrients and water.

Indian

The name of the ferns of this species is known to the fans of the aquarium flora. The plant grows in tropical regions of the globe. Its light green leaves are beautifully dissected. Under favorable conditions of maintenance, they can reach a height of 40-50 centimeters.

Thai

The native land of the plant is Southeast Asia. Fern possesses corrugated, lanceolate hard leaves, which can reach thirty centimeters in height. They are attached to a dark green strong rhizome.