Krupskaya Nadezhda Konstantinovna: biography, photo

Krupskaya Nadezhda Konstantinovna. Every person knows this name. But most remember only that she was the wife of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin. Yes this is true. But Krupskaya herself was an outstanding politician and teacher of her time.

Childhood

Her date of birth is February 14, 1869. The family of Nadezhda Konstantinovna belonged to the category of impoverished nobles. Father, Konstantin Ignatievich, a former officer (lieutenant), was an adherent of revolutionary democratic concepts, shared the ideas of the organizers of the Polish uprising. But the welfare of the family did not care much, so the Krupskys lived simply, no frills. His father died in 1883, when Hope was in his teens. Konstantin Ignatievich did not leave his fortune for his wife and daughter, but despite the lack of money, her mother, Elizaveta Vasilievna, always surrounded her daughter with love, tenderness and care.

Krupskaya Nadezhda Konstantinovna studied at the gymnasium of. A. Obolensky, where she received a prestigious education at the time. Mother did not particularly restrict her freedom, believing that every person should choose his own way in life. Elizaveta Vasilyevna herself was very devout, but seeing that her daughter does not gravitate toward religion, she did not persuade her and force her to faith. Mother believed that the only way to be happy is to have a husband who loves and will cherish her daughter.

Youth

Krupskaya Nadezhda Konstantinovna in her youth, graduated from high school, often thought about the injustice that reigned around. She was indignant at the arbitrariness of the tsarist authorities, oppressing ordinary people, bringing them poverty, pain and suffering.

She found her companions in a Marxist circle. There, after studying the teachings of Marx, she realized that there was only one way to solve all problems of the state-revolution and communism.

The biography of Krupskaya Nadezhda Konstantinovna, like her whole life, is now inextricably linked with the ideas of Marxism. It was they who determined her future life.

She trained the proletariat free of charge in the evening Sunday school, where workers came to get at least some knowledge. The school was far enough behind the Nevsky outpost, but it did not frighten the desperate and bold Hope. There, she not only trained workers in writing and counting, but also propagated Marxism, actively participating in the unification of small circles into a single organization. VI Lenin, who came to Petersburg, completed this process. Thus, the "Union of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class" was formed, where Krupskaya occupied one of the central places.

Acquaintance with VI Lenin

They met in early 1896 (February). But at first Vladimir Ilyich did not show any interest in Nadezhda. On the contrary, he became friends with another activist, Apollinary Yakubova. Having communicated with her for a while, he even decided to make Apollinaria an offer, but was refused. Lenin did not have such a passion for women as for the ideas of the revolution. Therefore, because of the refusal is not upset at all. And Hope, meanwhile, increasingly admired his loyalty to revolutionary ideas, his enthusiasm and leadership qualities. They began to communicate more often. The subject of their conversations were Marxist ideas, dreams of revolution and communism. But they also sometimes spoke of the personal and the inmost. For example, only Krupskaya Nadezhda Konstantinovna knew the nationality of Vladimir Ilyich's mother. From the majority of those around him, Lenin hid the Swedish-German and Jewish roots of his mother.

Arrest and reference

Krupskaya Nadezhda Konstantinovna was arrested in 1897 together with several other members of the union. She was sent to St. Petersburg for three years. At first she was exiled to the village of Shushenskoye, located in Siberia. At that time VI Lenin also was in exile there.

They were married in July 1898. The wedding ceremony was more than modest. The newlyweds exchanged engagement rings made of a copper pyatak. The groom's family was against this marriage. Relatives Vladimir Ilyich immediately disliked his lady, believing that she was dry, ugly and unemotional. The situation was further aggravated by the fact that Krupskaya and Lenin were never able to have children. But Nadezhda Konstantinovna put her whole soul into love for her husband, becoming his companion, companion and faithful friend. Together with Vladimir Ilyich, she stood at the origins of communism and took an active part in organizing party affairs, paving the way for revolution.

Being in exile, Krupskaya Nadezhda Konstantinovna (photo in his youth see below) writes his first book. She was called "Female Worker". In this work permeated with the ideas of Marxism, the story is told of a working woman, of how hard she is now, and how she would have lived if she had succeeded in overthrowing the autocracy. In the event of the victory of the proletariat, a woman was freed from oppression. The author chose a pseudonym for Sablin. The book was illegally published abroad.

Emigration

The reference ended in the spring of 1901. Last year, her Krupskaya Nadezhda Konstantinovna spent in Ufa, from where she left for her husband. At that time Lenin was abroad. The spouse followed him. Even abroad, party work did not stop. Krupskaya leads an active agitation activity, working as a secretary in the editorial offices of famous Bolshevik publications ("Forward", "Proletary"),

When the revolution of 1905-1907 began, the couple returns to St. Petersburg, where Nadezhda Konstantinovna becomes secretary of the party's Central Committee.

Beginning in 1901, Vladimir Ilyich began to sign his printed works by the pseudonym of Lenin. Even in the history of his pseudonym, as in all life, an important role was played by his wife - Krupskaya Nadezhda Konstantinovna. The real name of the "leader" - Ulyanov - at that time was already known in government circles. And when he needed to go abroad, then, in view of his political position, there appeared justified fears about issuing a foreign passport and leaving the country. The way out of the situation was unexpected. A longtime friend of Krupskaya, Olga Nikolaevna, responded to a request for help. She, driven by social and democratic ideas, secretly took a passport from her father, Nikolai Yegorovich Lenin, helped to forge some data (date of birth). It was with this name that Lenin went abroad. After this case, the pseudonym was fixed to him for life.

Life in Paris

In 1909 the couple decided to move to Paris. There was an acquaintance with Inessa Armand. Hope and Inessa were a bit like characters, both followed the communist canons with conviction. But, unlike Krupskaya, Armand was also a bright individuality, a mother with many children, a wonderful mistress, the soul of the company and a dazzling beauty.

Krupskaya Nadezhda Konstantinovna is a revolutionary to the core. But she was also a wise and sensitive woman. And she realized that her husband's interest in Inessa was far beyond the scope of party activity. Tormented, she found the strength to accept this fact. In 1911 she, having shown the maximum of female wisdom, herself suggested to Vladimir Ilyich to terminate the marriage. But, on the contrary, Lenin unexpectedly stopped relations with Armand.

Nadezhda Konstantinovna had so many party affairs that there was no time to worry. She went to work with her head. Her duties included the exchange of data with underground party members in Russia. She secretly sent them books, helped in the organization of revolutionary activity, pulled comrades out of trouble, organized shoots. But while she devoted much time to the study of pedagogy. She was interested in the ideas of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in the field of education. She studied the organization of school business in such European countries as France and Switzerland, got acquainted with the works of the great educators of the past.

In 1915 Nadezhda Konstantinovna finished work on the book "Public Education and Democracy". For her, she was highly appreciated by her husband. This first Marxist work, published from the pen of Krupskaya, talked about the need to create educational institutions, where ordinary workers could receive a polytechnical education. For this book Krupskaya Nadezhda Konstantinovna (her photo is presented in the article) was awarded the title of doctor of pedagogical sciences.

Return to Russia

Return to Russia occurred in April 1917. There, in Petrograd, the agitation-propaganda mass work occupied all her time. Speeches at enterprises before the proletariat, participation in meetings with soldiers, organization of meetings of soldiers are the main activities of Nadezhda Konstantinovna. She propagandized Lenin's slogans about the transfer of all power to the Soviets, told of the desire of the Bolshevik Party for the socialist revolution.

At a time when Vladimir Ilyich was forced to hide in Helsingorf (Finland) from the persecution of the Provisional Government, Nadezhda Konstantinovna, pretending to be a housekeeper, came to visit him. Through it, the Central Committee of the Party received instructions from its leader, and Lenin learned about the state of affairs at home.

Krupskaya was one of the organizers and participants of the Great October Socialist Revolution, engaged in its direct preparation in the Vyborgsky district and Smolny.

The Death of Lenin

Despite the fact that relations with Inessa Armand, Lenin severed a few years ago, his feelings for her have not cooled down. But work for him has always been the most important priority in life, and relations with Armand dragged and distracted from party activities, so he did not regret his decision.

When Inessa died of a sudden tuberculosis, Vladimir Ilyich was struck by this. For him it was a real blow. His contemporaries say that the emotional wound greatly aggravated his health and brought the hour of death closer. Vladimir Ilyich loved this woman and could not accept her departure. Children Armand remained in France, and Lenin asks his wife to bring them to Russia. Of course, she could not deny her dying husband. He died in 1924. And after his death, Nadezhda Konstantinovna was no longer the same. Her "god" was no longer there, and life without him turned into existence. Nevertheless, she found the strength to conduct further work to promote public education.

People's Commissariat of Education

Nadezhda Konstantinovna worked in the People's Education Committee immediately after the revolution. She continued to fight for the creation of a labor polytechnic school. The upbringing of children in the spirit of communism has become the central link of her whole life.

Krupskaya Nadezhda Konstantinovna, whose photo, surrounded by pioneers, is located below, did not like the soul in children. She sincerely tried to make their life happier.

Also, Krupskaya made a great contribution to educating the female half of the population. Actively attracted women to participate in socialist construction.

Pioneeria

Nadezhda Konstantinovna was at the beginning of the creation of the pioneer organization, and made a great contribution to its development. But at the same time, she not only coordinated the activities of the organization, but also participated in direct work with children. It was the pioneers who asked her about writing an autobiography. Krupskaya Nadezhda Konstantinovna, whose brief biography is set out for her in the work My Life, was busy writing her with great excitement. She dedicated this work to all the pioneers of the country.

last years of life

Books of Nadezhda Konstantinovna on pedagogy today are of historical value only for those few researchers who are interested in the views of the Bolsheviks on the issues of raising children. But the genuine contribution of Krupskaya to the history of our country is the support and assistance that she provided throughout her life to her husband Vladimir Ilyich Lenin. He was her idol and companion. He was her "god." After his death, Stalin, who came to power, tried with all his might to remove her from the political scene. The widow of Lenin was for him a thorn in the eye, from which he tried to get rid by all means. She was subjected to tremendous psychological pressure. In a touching biography, made by the decree of Stalin, many facts of her life, both political and personal, were distorted. But she herself could not change the situation. Nadezhda Konstantinovna begged all who could be buried her husband. But no one heard her. The realization that the body of a loved one will never find rest, and she herself will never rest next to him, has broken her completely.

Leaving her life was strange and sudden. She announced her decision to speak at the XVIII Congress of the Party. No one knew exactly what she wanted to say in the speech. Perhaps, in her speech, she could have hurt Stalin's interests. But anyway, on February 27, 1939, she was no more. Three days before that, everything was in order. She hosted guests on 24 February. The closest friends came. We sat at a modest table. And in the evening of the same day, she suddenly felt sick. The doctor, who arrived after three and a half hours, immediately diagnosed: "acute appendicitis, peritonitis, thrombosis." It was necessary to operate urgently, but for not yet clarified to this day, the operation did not.