Futurism - what is it? The artistic form and ideological filling of the movement

The end of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries is a time of active search for new forms in art, free from the stereotyped-detailed transfer of reality. This search and revolutionary ferment in the minds of many representatives of European youth led to the emergence of new artistic and social trends. Cultivated the myth that art is bound to turn (and necessarily turn) the world. One of the first swallows was futurism. What is Futurism? Literally futurum is the "future".

The founder of the movement is the Milanese poet F. Marinetti, the most outstanding representatives in painting - U. Boccioni, D. Balla, D. Severini. The history of futurism begins in 1929: Marinetti published in the French magazine Figaro the first manifesto calling for the removal of all former cultural values to the dustbin of history and on the basis of the latest technical achievements to form the type of man of the future. Artists soon also published their manifesto. Later, there were many manifestos, and they all called for abandoning the past in the name of moving forward.

Unfortunately, Futurism was not limited to art: it was thoroughly politicized, and was marked by sharpness and radicalism. This led him to an ideological collapse: some of the participants in the movement distanced themselves from the group, while others created their political party in the eighteenth year, which soon fell under the banner of Mussolini.

Futurism in art is broken lines, sharp color contrasts, pronounced disproportions, incompleteness of outlines, the presence of urban and technical motifs. If the predecessors of the avant-garde, the Impressionists, were at the forefront of the search for a new form, now the form fades into the background, any canons are rejected, only the artist's worldview is important. It should be said that this was not the only difference between Futurism, that such an attitude towards creativity is characteristic of other avant-garde trends: cubism, abstractionism, expressionism, surrealism, Dadaism. The philosophy of the avant-garde is aimed at the creative individualization of the individual, against its impersonal being, including mass culture. At the same time, the ideological stuffing in the currents is different: if futurism, in fact, appeals to violence, then expressionism (anti-fascist Pablo Picasso, etc.), on the contrary, through ripped and broken lines expresses protest against the violence that swept the world.

In Russia, this genre has best taken root in the field of literature, won the hearts of many poets of the Silver Age, gave rise to a ragged style of versification, an overabundance in texts of combinations and symbols, often devoid of any meaning. Khlebnikov is considered the main pillar of Russian futurism. The corresponding motives are in Pasternak, in Mandelstam, even in the later texts of Yesenin there is Futurism. What is, for example, the "Black Man"? The style is obviously not classic.

One of the most consistent futurists was Mayakovsky. "Cloud in the pants" - a masterpiece of the genre both in form and spirit, and his chopped style the poet remained true to the end of life.

Futurists enthusiastically accepted the October Revolution. But this feeling was not mutual, because at the head of the proletarian movement there were people with a huge cultural baggage. In particular, Lenin, in his speech before the Komsomol members at the Third Congress, emphasized the great importance of cultural heritage and mentioned the futurism that such art is incomprehensible to him.

Futurism as an art movement lasted only a couple of decades. But his spirit has survived. Emerged in the fifties under the influence of science fiction literature and popular to this day in architecture and design style hi-tech inherently the same Futurism, only on a new turn. He is deprived of political ambitions and radicalism in general, but he inherited from Futurism his positive component: a look into the future and faith in progress, in the final triumph of reason over conservatism.