LawCriminal law

Forgery of documents: types and methods

According to the Criminal Code, forgery of documents means the production of false documentation due to falsification of documents (selection or production of components: blank, information carrier, signatures, text, stamps, seals). This concept includes the falsification of their individual elements (illegal change of some parts of the original documentation). Forgery of documents, The responsibility for which is provided for in the criminal code, is an independent crime or a method of committing another crime.

At full falsification the false documents are made on certain samples, in which quality original copies serve. In the course of manufacturing, they acquire distinctive features (differences from the original), which make it possible to recognize forgery. Partial forgery of documents can be made by:

  • Forgery of impressions of stamps and seals, signatures;
  • Replacement of a part of the document (pages, photographs), corrections, pre-presses, additions, chemical etching of the text;
  • Cleaning, these signs can be recognized by forensic tools.

In the specialized literature, forgery of documents and their signs are described as follows. When erasing, you use the mechanical removal of text (mostly strokes, numbers, individual letters) by scraping with sharp objects (knife, razor blade) or erasing with an eraser. In this case, the surface layer of paper is broken, and its part is deleted simultaneously with the cleared text. The signs of erasure include: the remnants of the dyes of the strokes of the text, the spreading of ink on the new text, which is applied to the erased place, the disruption of the background grid, the reduction in the thickness of the paper, the change in the surface, and the disruption of the fibers on the surface layer.

Detection of signs of erasure is carried out during the investigation of documentation in the usual scattered, transmitted, oblique lighting, in ultraviolet and infrared rays, using a microscope and loops with different multiplicities.

Forgery of documents Chemical etching is carried out by flushing or discoloration of the text with chemical reagents (alkali, acid). At the same time, chemical substances affect not only the text being destroyed, but also the constituent parts of the document (background grid, paper). The signs of chemical etching include changes in the shade of the paper and the background grid, blurring of ink strokes, fragility, fragility of paper. There are signs of chemical etching using magnifying optical devices, oblique light, and light filters.

The pre-press or hand-written copy is carried out with the purpose of changing the data contained in the document. They are usually small in volume, but can significantly change the original data. The main signs of the supplement: differences in private and general signs of underlining (forgery of documents with signs of stops in the written letters, slowness of movements, overclocking, size of letters). Signs of typing on typewriters: discrepancies in the shade of the dye, the difference in pattern and size of printed characters.

Correction, preprinting, the wording of the text is detected under magnifying optical devices, using infrared and ultraviolet rays, light filters, by studying the chemical compositions of dyes.

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