Fascist - who is this? The meaning of the word and the ideology of the fascists

From the very first day Nazi Germany attacked the USSR, German soldiers and officers were surprised to note that the locals, partisans and soldiers of the Red Army call them fascists. "Do they take us for Italians?" The Wehrmacht employees were surprised. And in fact, the dominant ideological system of the Germans since 1933 was National Socialism, the ruling party is the NSDAP, that is, the National Socialist Workers Party of Germany. At that time, for every citizen of the Third Reich, the fascist is an Italian, though not everyone, but a bearer of Nazi-like views.

What is Fascina?

Since ancient times, proper irrigation has been one of the main components of agricultural science. Downpours washed away the fertile layer of soils, in many countries extremely thin, and there were problems with crop yields, causing a disaster such as famine. Water from the surface had to be diverted, but so as not to overdo it, otherwise the drought is inevitable - another scourge of farmers. Then someone thought of holding underground canals, from which the current, at a shallow depth, can gradually penetrate the soil. The simplest way to realize this idea technologically included the processes of digging ditches, laying bundles of brushwood or cane in it and instilling this irrigation system. These bundles of rods are called fascines. A bunch of dried stems is difficult to break, but one is easy. Fascina became a symbol of the strength of cohesion, and it is for this that Italian nationalists have chosen it as one of the symbols of their movement. Fascist ideology assumes the maximum degree of unity of society around the idea and leader. Still on the emblem was a hatchet, but he had no relation to peaceful labor ...

Under the gentle Italian sun

Benito Mussolini concerned about the fate of the Italian people in the 10-ies of the XX century, and in 1922 became the leader of the country. He came to power using democratic means, but he gradually suppressed all public organizations that hampered the forward movement, at least in his understanding. Dreaming of great Italy, he conducted military campaigns in Libya, Abyssinia - campaigns with dubious success, which brought the country more problems than the benefits, but the popularity of the dictator remained high for a long time. In the economy, things as a whole went well, the industry worked regularly, military ships were built (even for the USSR), cars and planes, sometimes very good. Hunger people did not know.

Grenada is my ...

When a civil war broke out in Spain, Mussolini assisted his friend and fellow-minded General Franco, who was on the same ultra-nationalist positions. The Italian fascists fought against international brigades, which consisted of adherents of different political views, from anarchists to communists. External assistance was provided by Nazi Germany, and transport to the Republican ports with weapons, lubricants, equipment and military specialists from the USSR. In the thirties, "full of enthusiasm and accomplishments," Soviet people learned about the crimes committed by Italian fascists: photographs destroyed by the most brutal bombing (in which the German air escadron "Condor" took part) Guernica, Guadalajara and other cities regularly published Pravda and All other periodicals in the USSR. Summaries from the fronts worried all, they were discussed at the factory smoke breaks and at the festive tables. There were many volunteers wishing to fight for the fraternal people, but they selected them cautiously, and then only high-class officers. Officially, the Soviet Union did not participate in the conflict, although friends and enemies knew about the military nature of the aid.

The Spanish phalangists, Germans, and Mussolini's black-shirts mixed in the mass consciousness, but the citizens of the USSR learned that the fascist was an enemy.

Prewar doubts

There was a moment in our history that brought a considerable part of the population of the USSR into some confusion. Just before the war, in 1939, some even thought that the fascist was not at all an enemy, but perhaps even a friend, especially after Comrade Stalin himself had raised a glass for the health of the "leader of the German people." There was some logic in this act, Soviet people were long inspired by the idea of the depravity of European democracies, and when there was a determined leader who started to crush them, then many did not see anything terrible in this. In addition, socialism was Hitler's motto, and the flag of the Germans was also red, though without a sickle and hammer, but with a Nazi symbol, a swastika. Hurry to express their opinion on this matter, however, people did not hurry, they were recently explained clearly that the Soviet people should trust their leadership, it knows better with whom to tolerate, and with whom to quarrel and when to do it. And the slow-witted could be reminded.

Tyrants and Nazis

Despite the joint military parade in Brest, the famous Stalinist toast and numerous assurances of the inviolability of Soviet-German friendship, according to the recollections of the contemporaries of the events, the war was still expected, and an ambulance. And she suddenly happened. Two regimes, very similar in appearance because of many common attributes of totalitarianism, suddenly became hostile to the extreme degree expressed in armed conflict.

From this we can conclude that not every dictator is a fascist. This concept provides for the highest degree of nationalism, the propagation of racial superiority and the exclusive rights of the "elected" people to a leading role in world history. The right to dominate by virtue of ethnic origin alone entered into a logical contradiction with the idea of the international hegemony of the proletariat. The truce was temporary and solved tactical tasks (in the opinion of some historians, Stalin tried to postpone the war, while others accuse him of creating a common border with Germany at the place where Poland was before). Strategically, the war was inevitable.

Fascist - German Nazi

During the war in the occupied territories, the Nazi troops and their allies committed crimes against humanity, even the judges of the international tribunal in Nuremberg could not even account for. The fact that cruelty, which was not always justified, was shown by other belligerents (it is enough to recall the double atomic bombing of Japanese cities and the destruction of Dresden), in those years preferred not to be remembered, as well as about the repressive methods of Communists. An abstract American, English or Soviet soldier was still perceived as a liberator and victor, to whom all the sins were copied the result - the defeat of countries that became carriers of absolute evil. Shades of brown did not matter, the people of the world soon forgot about who Hungarian Hortists were, adherents of "great Romania", Salazar's supporters in Portugal and even Italian black-shirts. But everyone remembers well and today, who such a fascist. It was the most terrible of all nationalists, the German Nazi. He for a long time eclipsed all others.

Again a bunch and hatchet

The world is full of cruelty today. After 1945, wars almost never stopped in all parts of the world, sometimes large, and often local. When they talk about some particularly terrible case of massacre of civilians, they often use the expression "fascist atrocities". They occurred in Vietnam, Korea, Yugoslavia, Cambodia and many other countries. Something like this happens almost daily very close to the borders of Russia. At the same time, no one today thinks about what the fascist word means and what is the ideological fullness of this political term. And it is visually demonstrated by the same black-and-white emblem from the distant twenties - a bunch symbolizing the unity of the nation in the fight against those whom the nationalists consider outsiders. And you do not need to forget about the hatchet.