"Dubrovsky" - who wrote it? "Dubrovsky", Pushkin. The work of Alexander Pushkin "Dubrovsky"

Among the unfinished works of the luminary of Russian poetry Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin extraordinary for modern Russian prose was the novel "Dubrovsky". It is original due to a combination of acute problems in society with a dynamic storyline. Work on the work lasted a little over six months, but it was published only eight years later, in 1841, in the volume of Pushkin's posthumous works. There are rumors that, according to the author's intention, the end might be different, but many generations of readers who are fond of this book can not imagine a different development of events.

Perception of the novel

The novel "Dubrovsky", whose author is genial in the representation of all the residents of the country without exception, is perceived as completely finished, although it did not receive final artistic processing; Some plot episodes have not been worked out yet, the motives for the behavior of the characters are not completely clear, and there is no depth in the depiction of the main characters. In fact, they are very static, and the reader is forced to independently think over their human traits. Only a detailed study of drafts allowed to understand the idea of the novel "Dubrovsky". The author gave food for thought to his followers. A number of hypotheses were put forward about the reasons for the incompleteness of the novel and its possible continuation.

Writing process

Novel "Dubrovsky" Pushkin wrote enthusiastically, and then suddenly cooled to the process and then did not return to work. A possible cause of cooling is the interest in the "History of Pugachev" and the first sketches of the novel about Pugachev. Among Pushkin's works this work was simultaneously a stage on the way from "Belkin's Tales" to the modern socio-psychological novel and a step towards the historical novel "The Captain's Daughter". In the novel "Dubrovsky" Pushkin is guided by key concepts for his creativity of brevity, accuracy and simplicity. The main narrative principle was the alternation of compressed authorial characteristics of the characters depicting specific scenes with their participation.

The appearance of the novel's plan

Very restrained and laconic work of Pushkin "Dubrovsky" characterizes the way of life and customs of the local nobility. The author uses accurate analytical prose, trying to be as objective as possible, but remaining a man and giving from time to time direct assessments of actions and releasing ironic remarks.

With its freshness and originality, the novel evokes associations with creations of Western European and Russian writers of the 18th-first third of the 19th century. Many researchers of Pushkin's creativity think that the impetus for the creation of the novel was given by the drama "Schiller", the comedy Kapnist "The Yabed" and many accusatory plays about corrupt servants of Russian justice. But in fact the writer was inspired by the history of the Belarusian nobleman Ostrovsky, whom a Moscow friend P.V. Nashchokin told him. The essence of the story is that the landlord was illegally taken away from the estate, after which he became a robber and went to prison.

This story, supplemented by facts of judicial proceedings, became the basis of the novel. Thus, the writer achieved maximum reliability and even the documentary nature of the novel. There is evidence of such truthfulness - in the second chapter, the text of the document of the judgment in the case of one of the landlords who lost his estate is given practically without changes. Only the names of the litigation heroes are replaced by fictitious ones - Troekurov and Dubrovsky.

But the author of the book "Dubrovsky" did not confine himself to judicial chronicle and oral stories about lawlessness, which has long become a typical domestic phenomenon. In the plot, many social and moral problems of the victims of the arbitrariness of higher instances were organically intertwined. According to the great V. Belinsky, Pushkin's novel "Dubrovsky" is one of the "poetic creations" reflecting Russian society.

"Dubrovsky" - who wrote and which conflicts were the basis?

Some time before the work began on the novel, namely in February 1832, Alexander Sergeevich was awarded a special presentation from Emperor Nicholas I. It was a collection of laws of the empire in 55 volumes. Such a sign of royal disposition was to show the poet all the power of legislation. In the novel "Dubrovsky" (who wrote it, everyone knows) there is already no romantic pathos inherent in the early works of the poet. Here the poet demonstrates the influence of laws on the everyday life of noblemen, their dependence on power and complete submission. The main idea of the work is that, in fact, all laws in the novel are replaced by the law of power, wealth and nobility.
The plot of the novel develops very dynamically, combining two different in nature conflict. The first conflict, the main events of which occur in the first volume, the intrasocial, having a vivid social coloring. It faces neighbors, former colleagues and even old friends. This is a rich landowner, retired general-general Kirill Petrovich Troyekurov and a petty nobleman, lieutenant Andrei Gavrilovich Dubrovsky, who wrote a statement to the court about the daring replica of the Troyekurovsky hound who humiliated Dubrovsky's dignity. There was a conflict of self-love between Dubrovsky and Troyekurov, which turned into a property conflict with an emphasis on social inequality, which predetermined the outcome of litigation. Troekurov was helped by corrupt judges and false witness neighbors.

The second conflict of the novel - family and household. This is a typical everyday situation - marriage in captivity. Masha Troyekurova is forced to marry the old prince Vereisky. The problem of family lawlessness, the question of the right to love, regardless of public views and prejudices, is widely covered. Also touched on is the struggle between love passion and moral duty.

The central heroes of conflicts

In both conflicts, the main figure is Kirill Petrovich Troyekurov, who oppresses both Dubrovsky and his own daughter. The image of the Russian master becomes the true embodiment of tyranny and arbitrariness. This is a real despot, who does not care about someone else's opinion and other people's desires. He is not through his own fault, but because of his social position. He is rude, spoiled and voluptuous. It is necessary to add to these features the lack of education, and you get a man of "ardent temper" and "limited mind". The arbitrariness of Troyekurov is vividly demonstrated in his treatment of domestic, with guests, teachers of his daughter. The author, however, finds in the hero several noble traits. For example, he feels remorse, worried about the property taken from Dubrovsky, and even tries to reconcile and return the taken away.

Andrei Gavrilovich Dubrovsky has a reader who sympathizes with his sad fate. But the author does not idealize his hero, noting the presence in his character of quick temper and stubbornness, as well as susceptibility to minute emotional changes. And envy is familiar to him, and even as a manager he does not shine, because he can not improve the state. The main feature of Dubrovsky is noble pride, which does not allow him to accept the patronage of Troyekurov. Dubrovsky also turns out to be a kind of despot and excludes the possibility of the wedding of his son and Masha Troyekurova, considering it a favor, an unworthy nobleman. In court, the hero shows carelessness and unyielding, relying on the justice of the judges. His fate is a demonstration of the superiority of lawlessness over honesty.

Vladimir Dubrovsky - a righteous feeling or blood feud?

The main character Dubrovsky continues the fate of his father. The judicial arbitrariness and tyranny of Troyekurov literally pushed Vladimir from his native environment into lawlessness. The hero is perceived by a noble robber and an honest avenger, since he does not seek to win someone else's, but wants to return what belongs to him by right. It's not the domestic Robin Hood, but a man who happened to be in a similar situation and can not do otherwise. The extraordinary nature of Dubrovsky's fate is based on everyday circumstances. The author of the novel "Dubrovsky", who painted artistic portraits of romantic villains in "Eugene Onegin", turned away from the heroes with "world sorrow" in his heart and created his noble robber expressing an open protest against the state, which deprives him of the future. The philosopher SP Shevyrev noticed that the robber Dubrovsky is the product of public lawlessness, covered by law.

Description Dubrovsky: who is he really?

No wonder Alexander Pushkin noted: Dubrovsky, thanks to the frequent change of appearance and behavior patterns, becomes similar to other heroes-impostors - Otrepiev and Pugachev. In the novel he appears as a guard officer, accustomed to a carefree life, then as a loving son, then as an avenger and ataman gang of bandits. He is brave and cold-blooded when he enters the house of Troekurov under the guise of Deforge's teacher, but is sentimental and indecisive in the scenes of romantic meetings.

Dubrovsky's description is distinguished by its silence and understatement. The reader between the lines can understand what qualities characterize this person. Before the 11th chapter, it is not said about the true nature of the unruffled and brave teacher Deforge. The existence of Dubrovsky in a gang of robbers is also covered with a haze. There are mentions that the ringleader of the gang is famous for his intelligence, bravery and generosity. The rumors and horrors of the frightened landowners make Dubrovsky the robber a person truly legendary. The second volume of the novel, despite a large number of defaults, gives more information about the feelings of the robber. He is clever and prudent, and also well-informed about all the events in the house of Troyekurov, especially about the appearance of Prince Vereisky and his matchmaking to Masha. Under the guise of the teacher of the Frenchman, he comes to Troyekurov for maintenance. Dubrovsky is an avenger, but he can not revenge Troekurov because he is in love with Masha and will not raise his hand against her family.

The love passion in the hero is higher than the thirst for revenge, and Dubrovsky forgives Troyekurov.

The main thing in the second volume is the tragedy of the hero's unfulfilled love, the inaccessibility to him of simple family happiness, to which he seeks with all his heart. Only before leaving the house of the Troekurovs he opens to Masha and confesses his feelings. Masha is at a loss. It does not reciprocate with mutual recognition, but it gives a promise to resort to Dubrovsky's help in case of need.

The main heroine of the novel is Masha Troekurova and her experiences

The seventeen-year-old Masha Troekurova is beautiful and fresh. It attracts not only Dubrovsky, but also the old dandy Prince Vereisky, who is wooing her. Masha is too young to even think about marriage. She is drawn to Dubrovsky, who under the guise of Deforge strikes the girl with her boldness, and under the real name is interested in her unusualness, but even her marriage with him is frightening, because she deeply rooted moral norms about a possible marriage with a person of her circle, but not a teacher Or a robber. But the marriage with Prince Vereisky leads the girl in horror. She begs her father not to ruin her, not to deprive her of life and listen to her. Realizing the futility of her requests, she wrote a letter to Prince Vereisky, begging to abandon the wedding, but the letter has the opposite effect, and the wedding is inevitably coming. Despite her youth, Masha turns out to be a resolute girl and in a desperate situation she finds the strength to turn to the robber Dubrovsky for help. She waits for help until the last moment, but after she swears an oath of eternal loyalty, she realizes that there is no way out, and when Dubrovsky attacks their carriage in the forest, she refuses to leave with him. This shows not only honesty, but also the dedication of the girl, as well as the morality of the robber, who gave her the right to choose and resigned herself to her choice.

Honest robber Dubrovsky

Pushkin's story, despite its incompleteness, attracts with its sincerity and painful problems. The author seems to want to point out that being outside the law does not always speak of natural hardness. But every evil entails an inevitable retribution. The appearance of Troyekurov in the estate of Dubrovsky people is the cause of mass indignation of the peasants and the manifestation of cruelty on their part. And the night fire in Kystenyovka, organized by Vladimir Dubrovsky, who did not know anything about the locked envoys of Troyekurov, became the forerunner of the popular revolt.

Why does not the novel become obsolete?

The novel "Dubrovsky" - Pushkin's story about the causes of mass unrest, spontaneous discontent of the peasants, full-scale war, which is fully represented in the subsequent works of the author.

Of those who investigated the novel "Dubrovsky", who wrote about the bandits of his gang? One can only assume that these are former workers of Kistenevka, runaway peasants and soldiers. Only at the end of the novel it becomes obvious that the interests of the gang leader and his accomplices do not coincide. Inside their group there is no partnership, there are the same barbaric-humiliated relationships when servants obey their master. The last chapter of the novel causes associations with the novel "The Captain's Daughter", where the same songs are sung, and the end of the novel evokes thoughts about the continuation of a real people's war. After for the hero lost the idea of a possible family happiness with Masha, he dissolves his gang and hides abroad. At parting he tells his accomplices that they are unlikely to return to an honest life, but nevertheless after his departure the roads become free and the looting stops. The last thought of the novel is very pessimistic, since the hero's departure abroad is both his personal defeat and the defeat of the whole country in the struggle for freedom, honor and love.