What brings different currents of modernism in literature? What is the peculiarity of everyone? Modernism and Realism

Modernism as a philosophical movement that arose in the late nineteenth century in literature and art can be interpreted in different ways. Even within the modernism turned out to be many units, significantly different from each other. What brings different currents of modernism? Of course, remoteness from all sorts of reality. Any of the varieties of modernism has grown as if in a peak for a long time dominated in all forms of art realism.

Modern

The very term modernism is taken from the Latin modernus, which means - modern, recent. There are at least three interpretations of the foundations of this movement. But in all cases it means a break with the past historical experience of all artistic creativity, the desire to establish non-traditional rules in art. The first interpretation (and the most common): modernism brings to art a lot of unrealistic directions: futurism, symbolism, expressionism, acmeism, imagism, cubism, abstract art, surrealism, impressionism.

In the second case, the term is used as a designation of an unrealistic direction in the artist's aesthetic search. And the third interpretation is the most difficult, when aesthetic and ideological phenomena can not fit into the rather wide framework of modernism, but they still oppose realism. This, for example, the work of such "large-format" writers as Joyce, Kafka, Proust and some others, which vividly demonstrates to readers something that brings together different trends of modernism.

Literature

With the beginning of the twentieth century, particularly significant and vivid trends of Russian modernism emerged. The era of progress had its influence on literature, where acmeism, symbolism and futurism dominated, and painting, where too the changes came quickly and seriously. Writers and poets who created in the mainstream of modernism, most often preached the ideas of decadence, with its pessimism and symbols of withering, which brings different currents of modernism in the literature. However, to progressive poets and writers, the touch of symbolism helped create works of a high civil character: Gorky, Blok, Bryusov, Bely, Mayakovsky, for example.

Painting

The artists in the priority became the same symbolism, constructivism, with their clear technicality, contouring, precise formulation of the plan, without blurred imagery and all sorts of allegories. The images became flat, with smooth lines, often ornamental and a monophonic background. Vegetative motifs, whimsically intertwined, began to flow into the figures of animals and people. Modernist artists have been inspired by symbolism in romantic images. Therefore, so often appeal to science fiction, mysticism, spirituality, because allegory, playing through the symbols of feelings and thoughts is something that brings together different currents of modernism. Fine artists Munch and Gauguin became the most vivid representatives of symbolism in painting.

Fauvism

Representatives of Fauvism (from the French fauve - wild) and in jest, and seriously called savages for those unrealistically bright, not natural to color spots, indescribable color contrasts and exaltation of forms. One of the most characteristic artists who introduced this trend was Matisse. When he was blamed for, for example, that the nose of the woman he portray turned green, he replied that he did not paint women, but pictures.

Emotional strength, spontaneity and dynamic color - this is what distinguishes a real Fauvist from, say, Post-Impressionists such as Gauguin or Van Gogh, despite the fact that they were the inspirers of the new trend. Which brings together different currents of modernism? The answer may look like this. Much greater sharpness and purity of color, contrast, local and open color, sharpness of rhythm, generalization of space, reduction of shape to outlines, no modeling of chiaroscuro, no linear perspective.

Futurism

Futurism (from the Latin futurum - the future) gave birth to geniuses in Russian literature, but in Russian painting it was not formed in pure form, in comparison with Europe. What brings together the different trends of modernism is that one gradually flows from another, and then flows into the third, some characteristic features bringing with them from the former, and some acquiring in the new.

So futurism appeared due to the existence of Fauvism. Together with Futurism, there is a tendency for the artist to step outside his art: traditional culture, that is, realism, was uprooted by the introduction of new sciences, technicism and urbanism. The industrial epoch, the large cities with their dynamics, chaotic compositions and the superiority of progress over the man himself are celebrated.

Modernism and Realism

Modernism is mixed. Realism is, on the contrary, extremely concrete, understandable to everyone, because it is almost a direct reflection of life - the one that exists, or the one that should be in the opinion of the author of the work. Modernism is not very clear to the masses. He is very far from any manifestation of life, too exalted. It's a feverish search for life where it can not be.

And, oddly enough, a lot of modernists have found, if not life itself, then some obscure reflections of it in an unknown parallel reality. Modernism ("a slap in the face of public taste") was perceived as a revolution, since "from the ship of our time" century traditions and generally accepted canons were discarded. Nevertheless, it was modernism that gave rise to such magnificent artists as Vrubel, Matisse, Mucha, Russo, Modigliani, Klimt.

Decadence

It is rather difficult to answer the question, which brings together different trends of modernism and realism. However, there are points of contact between them. The most tangible is the phenomenon of decadence, which embraced a variety of artistic trends. Who are the decadents? Decadence (from the French décadent - decadence) is a life without any civil ideals, without faith in a rational beginning, this immersion in purely individualistic experiences.

Such was the social position of a rather large section of the intelligentsia, which was moving away from intolerable life difficulties into dreams, unreality, even into mysticism. Thus, in the work of the decadents, the crisis phenomena of the social life of those years were displayed. Modernist trends, all without exception, somehow grew on this bleak field of decadence, which brings together different trends of modernism. In the literature he declared himself before the First World War, and in the twenties he reached its peak. The phenomenon is international, simultaneously noted on virtually all continents.

Modernism is a revolution?

The revolution in literature was just as inevitable as in the whole of society, as there were very serious reasons for its emergence. Another question is that the revolution of decadence in Russia has not won. However, with the decadent revolution, there was much. First of all, a break with the traditions of "plausible" realism, with the entire Western cultural tradition in general.

As any direction of former times somehow relates to the classical tradition: we can recall that the classicists "prayed" for antiquity, the Romantics worshiped the Middle Ages, but all of them up to the appearance of modernism can easily be considered classical, because modernism does not look in any direction, it Himself answers all the eternal questions, and the answers will be radically different from the old ones. Modernists felt a certain exhaustion of all forms of realistic art, felt aesthetic fatigue.

Change of world view

What brings together the trends of modernism is the attitude to realism, which, in their opinion, can not comprehend the world on its own, does not make efforts for this, and therefore the creativity of realists is mechanistic and superficial, they are bored only with buttons on the character's coat, not his inner Mental state. Of course, this view is exaggerated, and realism is great, and it will never embrace the immensity of the world to become boring at last. However, the grain of rightness in the opinion of modernists is: their creativity mostly reflects the individual vision of the subject, and the artistic worlds created by them are unique, not similar to each other.

The first half of the twentieth century is a difficult period for the preservation of fidelity to traditional values: the humanistic culture has collapsed, Western democracies and totalitarian states have differently understood even the word "freedom", World War I, weapons of mass destruction, human life depreciated with the practice of concentration camps and mass shootings . Modernism appeared as a result of the dehumanization of the era. And this is also an explanation that brings together different trends of modernism, what distinguishes modernism from realism, and what was the society in demand in this period of time.

Modernism and literature - discoveries

The cause of the modernist protest was obsolete forms and ideas, they needed new ways and new means of representing reality. I had to look for ideas and forms for the radical renewal of literature. On this path could not do without radically affecting all subsequent development of literature discoveries.

This is how the inner monologue, metalanguage, flow of consciousness, symbolism, distant associations, the theory of polyphony, myth creation, universal artistic method and general aesthetic principle appeared, literature was enriched through the discovery of the unknown, the surreal.

With modernism in literature, special attention is paid to the details of the inner world of the individual, the self-worth of art and man is proclaimed, creative intuition is preferred, literature is understood as a higher knowledge capable of penetrating into the intimate corners of the universe and spiritualizing the world, which brings together various currents of modernism. What is the specificity of each - determines the individuality.

silver Age

The epoch was filled with searches, intrigues and contradictions, literature, however, designed to reflect all the characteristic features of its time, found no other way but modernism with its diverse currents. Poetics, which brings together different currents of modernism, literature (11th grade) studies as a silver age. This is the same part of the overall artistic culture of our country, associated with acmeism, symbolism and futurism - the latest modernist trends.

The new in this literary phenomenon is the reflected pathos of the end of the millennium, that is, the pessimism of decline, doom and anticipation of the destruction of the universe. The hopelessness, passivity of decadence, its rejection of the society, its desire to go into the world of their own experiences - this type of consciousness is characteristic of that which brings together different currents of modernism. As Balmont wrote that he hates humanity, that he hastens to escape from him, that his only fatherland is his own desolate soul.

Vanguard

Avant-gardism - the movement of the foremost detachment of artists of the first half of the twentieth century, characterized by the desire to renew all artistic practice at the root, to break with all its established traditions and principles, is the search for unusual content, new means of expression, hitherto unprecedented forms of work. Even the artist's relationship with life has ceased to be similar to the previous experience. All social antagonisms of the epoch were broken in the contradictions of avant-gardism, there was despair and confusion over the catastrophes of the social order.

Kandinsky and Malevich

Fauvism, Futurism, Cubism, Expressionism, abstractionism, Dadaism are the children of the avant-garde, and modernism itself is often called this word. Not so far from the truth - this is practically synonymous. Only the term itself appeared thanks to a group of French artists who organized the exhibition in 1905.

One of the brightest representatives of modernism in Russia was Kandinsky, who stood at the origins of abstract art. Landscapes, written in large spots with dark outlines, are a characteristic feature of his letter. What Kin- dinsky has in common and brings together various currents of modernism is very pronounced: fragmentariness, flatness, decorativeness.

The artist wanted a free flight in the expression of feelings, but that attachment to objectivity prevented. And he found these unique rhythmic shapes of color, lines that clearly conveyed emotions and created moods.

The experimenter from the painting Kazimir Malevich acted as a cubist with cylinders and cones, from which the picture was designed, then as a futurist with non-objectivity. "Black Square" is the manifesto of such a plan of non-objective art.