Turbo engine: description, characteristics, operating principle and photo

Every motorist knows that internal combustion engines are divided into atmospheric and turbine according to their design and principle of operation. But not everyone understands the difference between these power units. Let's look at the difference between a turbo engine, how it works and how it works. Let's get acquainted with these motors on the example of modern aggregates of the VAG group.

Petrol turbo-motors

The gasoline turbo engine is an internal combustion engine with an artificially increased by the turbine compression ratio in the chambers. An increase in this indicator gives an increase in power and other technical characteristics. Since the creation of the first internal combustion engine, engineers have tried to add power without significantly changing the engine's working volume.

At first glance, this solution was almost on the surface - it was necessary to help the motor more efficiently "breathe". This would allow obtaining better combustion characteristics of the fuel mixture. This can be achieved through additional air supply. Hence, it is necessary to supply it to the cylinders forcibly, under pressure. Thanks to the additional volume of air, the fuel will completely burn, which will help increase power. But these technologies were introduced very slowly. At the very beginning, turbocharger equipment was used only for large engines of ships and aircraft.

History of petrol turbocharged engines

The first turbo engine was installed in the last century. For the first time, car turbocharged ICEs began to be manufactured in 1938. In the early 60's in the US began to produce the first motors with a turbine for passenger cars. These cars are Oldmobile Jetfire and Chevrolet Corvair Monza. With all their characteristics, the engines were not distinguished by high reliability and durability.

The beginning of popularity

Popular engines with a turbocharger were in the 70's. Then they were massively installed on sports cars. But in civilian cars, the turbo engine did not become popular because of the high fuel consumption. This disadvantage was distinguished by all the turbocharged petrol engines of that era. But fuel consumption was very important at that time. This time was the oil crisis in the 70's.

The device of petrol turbo-DVS

The algorithm of the gas turbine power unit consists in the use of a special compressor. The task of the latter is to inject an additional volume of air into the combustion chambers. By improving the filling of cylinders with a mixture of air and fuel, the average effective pressure per cycle increases and power increases. As the drive of the turbo system, waste gases are used, the energy of which makes useful work.

A modern compressor is a casing with bearings, a wheel, a bypass valve, a turbine casing. In the latter there are channels for the movement of lubricant. Also present in the design is the rotor shaft, slide bearings, compressor, pneumatic bypass valve drive . The rotor is installed in the housing where the bearings are mounted. It is a shaft with turbine and compressor wheels attached to it. On the latter, there are blades. This rotor can be rotated by sliding bearings. For their lubrication and cooling, oil is supplied from the engine lubrication system. To ensure that the bearing housing is further cooled, coolant channels are also used. This compressor element is made in the form of a snail.

Operating principle

The turbine nozzle is connected to the exhaust manifold. A compressor - with an inlet. As already noted, the turbocharger is driven by the energy of the exhaust gases. When they hit the turbine, they rotate the rotor, thus giving energy. Further, through the intake pipe, gases enter the exhaust system.

The compressor wheel and the "snails" are mounted on the same shaft. Due to the rotation of the turbine, the compressor wheel sucks air from the air filter and pumps it into the combustion chambers. Depending on the boost level, the device can increase the pressure force from 30% to 80%. With the help of this engine with the same volume can take the mixture in large quantities. It is due to this that the capacity of the unit rises from 20% to 50%. Exhaust gases and their energy greatly increase the efficiency of the motor.

Turbo Diesel Generating Units

The turbo (diesel) engine is approximately the same. The principle of the turbocharger does not differ from the petrol. The only difference is the intercooler. It is a special mechanism that cools the air before it hits the cylinders. The volume of cold air is less than warm. This means that cold air can be "pushed" into the cylinder in a larger amount.

TSI engines

These units are installed on modern models of cars from Volkswagen, Audi and Skoda. All of them belong to the same concern. Manufacturers argue that these are the engines of the new generation, which successfully combine power and economy. In the case of an ordinary classical engine with a small volume, there is no need to expect special power from it. If the car's weight is one ton and the engine is low-power, this will result in a high fuel consumption due to small dynamics and high-speed operation.

The engine with a large volume has a high flow rate due to the increased combustion chamber. Turbo-engines ("Skoda Octavia", "Volkswagen" and "Audi") - this is a real miracle of engineering. These powertrains combine a modest fuel consumption and sufficient power with a relatively small volume.

TSI: device

By volume, these aggregates can be different. So, produce ICE at 1.2; 1.4; 1.6 liters. And also a 1.8 turbo engine, 2.0 liter. The power of the motor increases due to a larger volume. And this is the right decision. And then we'll talk about the differences.

Turbine and compressor

TSI is both a turbocharged and a compressor unit. The VAG team applied this design to solve the standard motor problem. These are dips at a small engine speed. If we consider the classic turbo engines, then the "snail" functions due to the exhaust gases. The force of pressure when working at low speed does not allow the supercharger to create the required force and supply enough combustion air to the combustion chambers.

A compressor is installed on the 1.8 turbo ("Volkswagen") engine. It does not allow power to fall. The maximum torque in an ordinary atmospheric engine is about 5000 rpm. In the case of TSI motors, the maximum torque is in the range from 1500 rpm to 4500 rpm. This is the working interval that most drivers use. In TSI motors, the application of two turbines generates a pressure of up to 2.5 bar.

Compressor

This unit operates from a separate belt drive. It has a high ratio. Compressor turns on only when the driver presses on the gas. At speeds close to idlers, the pressure is 0.8 BAR - that's a lot. Due to this, excellent dynamic characteristics are obtained. So the engine "Audi" 1.8 turbo with TSI works. The last generation of these motors is not equipped with a compressor. There is only a turbine here.

Turbocharged engine 1.8 from Volkswagen

This unit is present on the market for about 20 years. This model of ICE is very popular and has given way to demand for turbocharged engines. This engine was equipped with many models of cars from the group VAG. The debut of this power plant took place in 1995.

For the first time the engine ("Volkswagen Passat" б5) 1.8 turbo was installed on Audi "A4" (yes, they use the same motors). As for the characteristics, there are several models with a capacity of 150 and 210 horsepower. In 2002, a motor with a capacity of 190 "horses" was built. The turbocharged engine from Volkswagen became the beginning of a completely new philosophy regarding gasoline engines. It gave good performance with a relatively small volume due to the turbine. The advantage of this unit is a moderate appetite. Model "A4" from "Audi" consumes up to 8 liters per 100 kilometers along the highway. In urban conditions fuel consumption is not more than 10 liters. Due to the presence of 20 valves in the cylinder head and a turbocharger, Volkswagen's engineers were able to obtain higher torque values before the turnovers reached 2,000.

So, this motor combines excellent elasticity, which is typical of turbo diesel engines, but at the same time the working culture is gasoline. This unit can also be easily converted to gas. The power plant is one of the best in the entire line. Productivity, moderate fuel consumption and high reliability can boast of an engine. "Passat" (1.8 turbo) does not have any design disadvantages of the unit. Even now, in the era of modern TSI, there are practically no equal to this motor.

Turbo engines: advantages and disadvantages

The main advantage that a turbo engine has is increased power. This is the main goal that was achieved without significant changes in the design. With the same volume with atmospheric motors, the turbo engine can deliver up to 70% more torque and power. The compressor reduces the percentage of harmful substances in the exhaust gases. The engine equipped with a turbine has a significantly lower noise level. These power units can be installed on any cars. The main disadvantage is the high fuel consumption. The volume of air increases, and the amount of fuel consumed increases. The engineers can not solve this problem. Also, the drawbacks include difficulties in operation. These engines are very sensitive to the quality of fuel and oil. In addition to the minuses include low service life of oil and cleaning filters. The motor runs at increased revs. Due to this, oil quickly loses its properties.